gender

Question 1

Parsons

Answer 1

Females have an expressive role in the family. Males have an instrumental role meaning that they are the breadwinner.
girls naturally have a expressive personality (childbearing roles) but its reinforced by socialisation and males are the breadwinners (protectors) natural based off of strength but reinforced through socialisation

Question 2

oakley

Answer 2

4 processes of socialisation; manipulation, canalisation, verbal appellation and domestic activities

Question 3

mcrobbie

Answer 3

Absence of girls in subcultures: girls were ignored and participated less in subcultures.

Culture of femininity: The tendency to have a best friend in order to try to attract men. It was used as a stepping stone towards marriage.

Bedroom culture: A spade which girls use to retreat away from the outside world and humiliation.

Question 4

Nakuamura

Answer 4

The digital global world is being used increasingly more by women from a range of different ethnic and class backgrounds. Social media and digital communication can be used by women as a forum for support when they face discrimination and inequality e.g Everyday Sexism website.

Question 5

billington

Answer 5

Women: Are portrayed as subordinate e.g. housewives / in need of being rescued by men. Men: Are portrayed as dominant e.g aggressive / strong / leaders (in media)

Question 6

ferguson

Answer 6

He conducted a content analysis of women’s magazines and counted the number of times specific topics were covered. She concluded that they are based around a “cult of femininity” focussing on family, marriage and appearance.

Question 7

mitsos and browne

Answer 7

Culture of masculinity: He says that teachers are more likely to accept bad behaviour from boys because they expect it whereas they are more tough in girls. This means boys are more likely to do worse in school and have an anti learning culture.

Question 8

Willis

Answer 8

Lad culture, In willis’ research the boys would mess around in education going on to do low paid manual labour work. following fathers footsteps. anti school subculture-> shop floor culture

Question 9

Skelton

Answer 9

Hidden curriculum: transmits gender identities through uniform, hard work, sports, manners, subjects, pet names and textbooks.

Question 10

Kelly

Answer 10

Talks about the science classroom being geared towards boys due to the textbooks using cars, footballs and trains. As Well as this the science classroom is dominated by boys so they are more likely to choose it.

Question 11

colley

Answer 11

She argues that subject choice is affected by three things:
Perception of gender roles
Subject preferences
Learning environment

Question 12

mac an ghail

Answer 12

Crisis of masculinity: deindustrialisation caused the change for men to do female based jobs which caused them shame.

Question 13

adkins

Answer 13

Vertical segregation: men at the top of the hierarchy with women at the bottom.
Horizontal segregation: men and women are expected to do different roles within jobs.

Question 14

connell

Answer 14

a postmodernist who believes there is many types of masculinity:

hegemonic masculinity- traditional masculinity dominant heterosexual man

Complicit masculinity- men who believe men and women should share roles eg.new man

subordinate masculinity- less power and carry lower status eg. homosexuals

marginalised masculinity- do traditionally old masculine jobs who now feel their masculinity is under threat with job loss (mac an ghail)

Question 15

abbott

Answer 15

Talks about the male body becoming more sexually explicit due to the rise in men’s fashion and toiletries.

Question 16

Mort

Answer 16

new man - wearing beauty products and change in men’s consumption pattern through sexualisation of male body which only used to happen to women. laundrette advert

Question 17

Nixon

Answer 17

laundrette advert- attractive men doing women’s job made it appealing to women and men. For men they wanted to look like the man so they did the same job and bought the same jeans or products he used.

Question 18

jackson

Answer 18

Ladettes: The idea of the female version of a lad, who is often associated with heavy drinking and loudness. The feminine and masculine identities are socially constructed and we are beginning to see a change in them through studies such as the ladettes. Ladettes are portrayed negatively in the media and are blamed for alcoholism, child neglect, violence and crime. These Ladettes are shown through schools and they often smoke, swear and disturb lessons. This is seen very negatively and seen as arrogance whereas boys will show the same traits however it is expected of them and tolerated.