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AQA: Psychology Paper 3 > Gender > Flashcards

Gender Flashcards

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1
Q

Chromosomes [definition]:

A

X-shaped bodies that carry all genetic information for an organism

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2
Q

Hormones [definition]:

A

Chemical messengers in the body

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3
Q

Intersex [definition]:

A

An individual who is neither distinctly male or female due to a mismatch (e.g. chromosomes n genitalia)

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4
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes do each individual typically have?

A

23

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5
Q

Female pair of chromosomes =

A

xx

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6
Q

Male pair of chromosomes =

A

xy

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7
Q

Klinefelter’s syndrome [5]:

A
  • Due to XXY configuration
  • Reduced levels of testosterone
  • Individual is born with a penis n develops as a fairly normal male
  • Individuals tend to be infertile
  • 1/1000 males have it
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8
Q

What does an individual with Klinefelter’s syndrome look like? [5]:

A 
- Taller than average 
'Less masculine' may have: 
- Less facial hair 
- Broader hips 
- Possible breast tissue
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9
Q

What causes Turner’s syndrome [2]:

A
  • Due to an XO configuration

- Meaning that the 2nd chromosome is partly or completely gone

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10
Q

What causes the appearance of an individual of Klinefelter’s syndrome?

A

Reduced levels of testosterone

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11
Q

Turner’s syndrome [2]:

A
  • Occurs in 1 of 2000 females at birth

- Individual born with a vagina and womb

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of Turner’s syndrome? [3]:

A
  • Shorter than average height
  • Lack of monthly period due to underdeveloped ovaries
  • Wide range of other symptoms, no two XO females are the same
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13
Q

Testosterone [4]:

A
  • Produced prenatally
  • Affects development of genitalia
  • testosterone affects brain development both prenatally and later in childhood
  • Surge of testosterone during puberty responsible for facial hair and deepening voice
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14
Q

Berenbaum and Bailey 2003 [3]:

A
  • XX female exposed prenatally to large doses of male hormones
  • Pregnant mother given drugs containing male hormones
  • Child later showed tom boy-ish behaviour and interest in more ‘male activities’
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15
Q

Oestrogen [3]:

A
  • The default gender is female so female hormones are not needed for prenatal genital development
  • Promotes secondary sexual characteristics during puberty
  • Directs the menstrual cycle
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16
Q

Oxytocin [4]:

A
  • Produced in the pituitary gland
  • Evokes feelings of contentment and calmness
  • Related to faster wound healing and orgasms in both men and women
  • Breast feeding
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17
Q

Oxytocin in breast feeding;

A

Causes milk to flow in a lactating mother

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18
Q

Shi et al (2015):

A

Some researchers found that oestrogen may lead to smaller brain size

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19
Q

Taylor et al (2000)

[4]:

A
  • Oxytocin dampens flight or flight in women
  • The alternative tend and befriend is triggered instead
  • Females protect their young (tend) and form protective alliances with other women (befriend)
  • Does not affect males cus testosterone dampens oxytocin
20
Q

Chromosomes and hormones AO3: Importance of other factors [4]:

A
  • Genetic sex does not match external genitalia in cases of abnormal hormone exposure
  • Research indicates that gender assigned at birth is accepted by some yet rejected by others
  • Gender development is only partly biologically determined
  • is a combination of genes, hormones and socialisation
21
Q

Chromosomes and hormones AO3: effect of hormones on brain development [3]:

A

+ The effects of testosterone on the brain have been confirmed by research
+ Berenbaum and Bailey 2003
+This research suggests that hormones may influence behaviour and brain development

22
Q

Chromosomes and hormones AO3: biological determinism [4]:

A
  • Overly deterministic
  • Implies that men n women have lil choice over their behaviours
  • e.g. women are natural nurturers and men are naturally aggressive and competitive
  • consequence: equal opportunity policies are doomed to fail if men are ‘naturally’ more competitive and risk-taking (more likely to be successful)
23
Q

Chromosomes and hormones AO3: real-world applications [4]:

A

+ Chromosomes = greater understanding of intersex = better treatment plans
+ Before treatment was to perform surgery for individual to look ‘normal’
+ Now drs assign gender but no surgery until individual can make an informed decision
+ Also helps ppl with turner’s syndrome get diagnosed early = psychological research can improve lives

24
Q

Pre operational [explanation]:

[3]:

A
  • A stage in piaget’s theory where child’s thinking lacks internal consistency
  • e.g. child might believe tree makes wind cus branches move in the wind
  • some logic to it but doesn’t explain how there’s wind with no trees
25
Q

Kohlberg’s theory =

A

cognitive approach

26
Q

What are the 3 stages in Kohlberg’s theory of gender development?

A
  1. Gender labelling
  2. Gender stability
  3. Gender constancy
27
Q

Gender labelling [4]:

A
  • Ages 2-3
  • child labels themselves & others as boy, girl man or woman
  • Label based on outwards appearance only e.g clothing n hairstyle
  • Child’s thinking is pre-operational
28
Q

Gender Stability [3]:

A
  • Around the age of 4
  • Child recognises that gender is sumn that’s consistent over time ( boys grow into men, girls grow into women)
  • Don’t understand that gender is constant across situations (males may turn into females if they wear dresses or play princesses)
29
Q

Evidence for Gender stability stage so basically all stages valid lmao [3]:

A
  • McConaghy (1979)
  • Young children were shown a line drawing of a doll with male genitals wearing a dress
  • children under five thought the doll was female cus of external appearance
30
Q

Gender Constancy [4]:

A
  • Around age 6
  • Child realises that gender is consistent across situations
  • Only at this point does child start learning gender-appropriate behaviour
  • Before this behaviour was not relevant cus they thought their gender might change
31
Q

Kohlberg ao3: research support [3]:

A

+ Research supports theory
+ McConaghy (1979)- Young children were shown a line drawing of a doll with male genitals wearing a dress
+ children under five thought the doll was female cus of external appearance

32
Q

Kohlberg ao3: Stages [3]:

A
  • Ppl are different and develop at different rates
  • Stages suggest that they have to develop at certain pace/ children who don’t are abnormal
  • Labelling children as abnormal cus they develop different is harmful rather than helpful
33
Q

Kohlberg ao3: age differences [3]:

A
  • Slaby n Frey (1975) found gender constancy appeared at younger ages- as young as 5
  • Children’s lives have become different- exposed to more info on gender due to internet and develop quicker
  • doesn’t directly disprove but shows low temporal validity
34
Q

Kohlberg ao3: gender differences [3]:

A
  • Kohlberg’s theory is beta biased
  • Slaby and Frey found that boys tend to show gender constancy before girls
  • Makes Kohlberg’s theory less valid- adjustments need to be made
35
Q

Schema [definition]:

A

A cognitive framework that helps to organise and interpret info in the brain

36
Q

Cognitive explanations for gender development [2]:

A
  • Kohlberg’s theory

- Gender schema theory

37
Q

Who’s theory is gender schema theory?

A

Martin and Halverson

38
Q

What do Martin and Halverson argue are the differences between GST and Kohlberg’s? [3]:

A
  • GST argues that acquiring gender-relevant info happens before gender constancy
  • (basic gender identity is enough to identify with gender-appropriate behaviours
  • Martin n Halverson go further in explaining how schemas affect later behaviour
39
Q

How GST works [2]:

A
  • Children learn gender-related schemas in interactions with other kids & adults and tv n wifi lol
  • They use these schemas to learn what toys and clothes are appropriate
40
Q

Ingroup =

A

The groups which a person identifies with

41
Q

Ingroup & outgroup schemas (GST) [3]:

A
  • Child identifies with ingroup = positively evaluating their own group
  • Ppl do this cus it enhances self-esteem
  • Motivates child to be more like their ingroup and avoid behaviours of outgroup schemas
42
Q

Resilience of gender beliefs (GST) [3]:

A
  • Gender schemas = children hold very fixed gender attitudes
  • This cus they ignore any info they encounter that is inconsistent with ingroup info
  • This way gender schemas have a deep effect on what is remembered and how we perceive things
43
Q

Peer relationships in GST [3]:

A
  • Playing with other kids leads child to believe that all girls share same interests n vice versa
  • Avoid children of oppo sex cus they’re not the same sso less fun to play with
  • Children also develop knowledge of potential consequences like getting teased for playing with an outgroup member
44
Q

Gender Schema Theory AO3- Research support [3]:

A

+ Liben & Signorella (1993)
+ Showed 106 primary kids 60 pics of male n females doin male n female activities
+ Children recalled more pics of men doing masculine things like mowing lawn than doing feminine things

45
Q

Gender Schema Theory AO3- Determinism [2]:

A
  • Overly environmentally deterministic
  • Children do not choose what they are exposed to
    *
46
Q

Gender Schema Theory AO3- Reductionist [2]:

A
  • GST is overly reductionist
  • You can’t reduce human behaviour to just a product of schemas
    *
47
Q

Gender Schema Theory AO3- distortion of info [4]:

A

+ Gender schemas lead to the distortion of inconsistent info
+ Martin & Halverson study of boy holding a gun and a doll children remembered as girl holding doll
+ Distorted mems maintain ingroup schemas
+ findings support GST cus show how behaviour can be explained by GST

AQA: Psychology Paper 3 (5 decks)

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