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AQA: Psychology Paper 3 > Addiction > Flashcards

Addiction Flashcards

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1
Q

Addiction [definition]:

A

The compulsion to use a substance or engage in a behaviour despite its harmful consequences

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2
Q

Physical dependence [definition]:

A

Habitual use leading to withdrawal syndrome when addictive substance is reduced

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3
Q

Psychological dependence [definition]:

A

When a drug becomes a central part of an individual’s thoughts, emotions and activities resulting in a strong urge to use the drug

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4
Q

Tolerance [definition]:

A

When an individual no longer responds to a drug the same way, resulting in larger doses needed to experience the same effect as before

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5
Q

What is physical dependence often accompanied by?

A

tolerance to drug

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6
Q

What are the three explanations for tolerance?

A
  • Enzymes
  • Receptor density
  • Learned tolerance
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7
Q

Tolerance [enzyme explanation]:

[3]:

A
  • Enzymes responsible for metabolising the drug do so more efficiently over time
  • This results in fewer concentrations of drug in the blood and the sites of drug action
  • This makes the effect weaker
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8
Q

Tolerance [receptor density explanation]:

[2]:

A
  • Prolonged drug use leads to changes in receptor density

- This reduces the response to the normal dose of the drug, meaning more is needed

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9
Q

Learned Tolerance [explanation]:

A

User will experience reduced drug effects because they have learned to function normally under the influence of the drug

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10
Q

What are the phases of withdrawal? [2]:

A
  • Acute withdrawal

- Post-acute withdrawal

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11
Q

Acute withdrawal [3]:

A
  • Begins within hours of drug absence
  • Gradually resolves after a few weeks
  • Physical cravings addict feels are intense and persistent as body is not used to living w/o drug for so long
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12
Q

Post-acute withdrawal [3]:

A
  • Can last for months or years after person has stopped using drug
  • Addict experiences alternating periods of dysfunction and near-normality, causing emotional and psychological turmoil
  • cus the brain is slowly regaining and rebalancing itself
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13
Q

What are the types of risk factors for addiction? [5]:

A
  • Genetic vulnerability
  • Stress
  • Personality
  • Family influence
  • Peer influence
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14
Q

Genetic vulnerability [definition]:

A

Inherited characteristics that make someone more likely to develop an addiction

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15
Q

Genetic vulnerability research [2]:

A
  • Suske et al (2010)

- Blum and Payne (1991)

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16
Q

Suske et al (2010) [4]:

A
  • Suske et al (2010) interviewed 2889 pairs of twins
  • To investigate genetic and environmental factors to gambling addiction
  • Male MZ twins = 49% heritability DZ = 21% heritability
  • Female MZ twins = 55% DZ = 21%
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17
Q

Blum and Payne (1991) [4]:

A
  • ppl vulnerable to drug addiction have abnormally low levels of dopamine
  • They have a decreased ability to activate dopamine receptors
  • This means that anything that increases dopamine causes strong feelings of euphoria
  • Blum found variant of dopamine receptor gene linked to low dopamine more common in alcoholic blood
18
Q

Genetics as a risk factor for addiction [2]:

A

+ some ppl born with a genetic predisposition to substance abuse
+ It explains the development of addiction & any interaction with the environment

19
Q

What are examples of genetic mechanisms? [2]:

A
  • Neurotransmitters

- Metabolisms

20
Q

What is a study that supports genetic vulnerability as a risk factor?

A

Suske et al (2010)

21
Q

How is stress a risk factor for addiction? [2]:

A
  • Increased stress = increased vulnerability

- People deal with stressful situations and use addictions to cope/ self-medicate/ forget.

22
Q

The self-medication model [3]:

A
  • Gelkopf et al (2002)
  • Exposure to severe stress linked to vulnerability
  • Ppl engage in pathological behaviours to treat psychological symptoms
23
Q

Traumatic stress vs stress:

A

Ppl exposed to severe stress are more vulnerable to addictions

24
Q

Traumatic stress as a risk factor research [4]:

A
  • Robins et al (1974)
  • Interviewed US soldiers within a year of their return from Vietnam war
  • About 50% had used opium or heroin during their tour
  • 20% developed a psychological dependence for heroin during vietnam
25
Q

Personality as a risk factor [3]:

A
  • Krueger et al (1998)
  • Identified a no. of personality traits that are associated with addiction
  • e.g. sensation seeking and impulsivity
26
Q

The addiction prone personality [4]:

A
  • Barnes et al (2000)
  • Developed the addiction prone-personality scale (APP )
  • As a way of assessing the influence on personality traits on addictive behaviour
  • Studies usin APP find it effective in picking addicts out of non-addicts
27
Q

The relationship between addiction and personality disorders [4]:

A
  • Verhheul et al (1995) reviewed research in this area
  • 44% of alcoholics had a personality disorder
  • 70% of cocaine addicts
  • 79% for opiate addicts
28
Q

Polydrug users n personality disorders [3]:

A
  • Even more common than mono
  • DeJong et al (1993)
  • 91% had a personality disorder
29
Q

Family influence as a risk factor [3]:

A
  • Bandura (1977) SLT
  • Behaviour is learnt thru observation of ppl who idividual sees most of
  • e.g family
30
Q

Family influence evidence [4]:

A
  • Reith & Dobbie (2011)
  • Interviewed 50 gamblers
  • Found that gambling knowledge was passed on from routines in every day life
  • e.g individuals watched family members talk about it
31
Q

Parental influence [4]:

A
  • Reith and Dobbie (2011) found
  • Patterns of gambking are transmitted in gendered ways
  • Men’s first experience of gambling thru dads and fems thru mums
  • Fems mainly introduced thru machines n bingo and men thru sports betting
32
Q

What are the 2 main ways parents exert influence on their offspring?

A
  • They act as social models for their offspring

- Their style of parenting

33
Q

Peer pressure [definition]:

[2]:

A

The direct or indirect encouragement from own age group to engage in activities
- Tajfel and turner

34
Q

Social identity theory [3]:

A
  • Tajfel and Turner (1986)
  • Theory suggests that a significant part of individual’s self-concept is formed as a result of the groups that they are a part of (ingroups)
  • As it is essential to be associated with that group to be socially accepted
35
Q

Peer influence- social networks [3]:

A
  • Eiser et al 1991
  • Among adolescence smokers tend to befriend smokers and non-smokers befriend non-smokers
  • Social networks often are made of ppl with similar interests
36
Q

Indirect peer influence [4]:

A
  • Shakya et al (2012)
  • Argue that peer influence may sometimes be indirect parental influence
  • e.g. positive parenting can reduce smoking in child and then child acts as a positive role model for their friends
  • cus they are friends’ parents not their own they may be more willing to talk abt things making them open to parental influence
37
Q

Risk factors AO3- Genetics research support [4]:

A

+ Kendler et al 1997
+ Twin study on 2516 Swedish male twins
+ 33% concordance MZ twins
+ 15% concordance for DZ twins

38
Q

Risk factors AO3- Deterministic [3]:

A
  • Deterministic
  • Does not recognise the addict’s free will
  • How they supposed to get treated if they can’t chose?
39
Q

Risk factors AO3- Socially sensitive [2]:

A
  • Implies that people are not responsible for their addictions nor the consequences
  • crime/ law punishment
40
Q

Risk factors AO3- Stress [2]:

A

+ Tovalacci et all 2013

+ Highly stressed students were more likely to smoke, drink and had a higher risk of internet addiction

41
Q

Risk factors AO3- Personality [3]:

A

+ Could help prevent addiction before addiction
+ helps to identify individual with addiction and help them with it
+ Would reduce the personal cost on society

AQA: Psychology Paper 3 (5 decks)

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