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Gen Psychology exam 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Personality

Definition of Personality

A

An indivdual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

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2
Q

Personality

Psychodynamic theories

A

Theories that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood.

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3
Q

Personality

Factor Analysis

A

A statistical technique that reduces a set of variables by extracting all their commonalities into a smaller number of factors.

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4
Q

Personality

Personality Inventories

A

A questionaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and bahaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.

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5
Q

Personality

The Big Five model of personality

(What are the Big Five?)

A
  • Extraversion
  • agreeableness
  • openness
  • conscientiousness
  • neuroticism
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6
Q

Personality

People-Situation Controversy

A

One has to take into account both particular situations (e. g. , frustration) and personality traits (e. g. , hot temper) when understanding a behavior.

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7
Q

Personality

Social-Cognitive Perspective

A

To understand how individuals make sense of themselves, others, and events in everyday life.

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8
Q

Personality

Reciprocal Determinism

A

The interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment.

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9
Q

Personality

Self-Esteem

A

One’s feeling of high or low self-worth.

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10
Q

Personality

Self-efficacy

A

One’s sense of competence and effectiveness.

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11
Q

Personality

Self-serving bias

A

A readiness to perceive oneself favorably.

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12
Q

Personality

Sigmund Freud

A

An Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis

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13
Q

Personality

Id, Ego, and Superego

A

Id: A reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. Operates on pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.
Ego: The largely conscious part of personality that mediates among the demands of the id, the superego, and reality. Operates on reality principle.
Superego: The part of personality that, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement and for future aspirations.

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14
Q

Personality

Free association

A

In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which a person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.

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15
Q

Personality

Defense mechanisms

A

In psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.

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16
Q

Personality

Scientific shortcomings of Freud’s theory

A

Lack of Empirical Evidence: One of the primary criticisms of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory is that it lacks empirical evidence to support its claims. Freud’s theories are based on case studies and anecdotal evidence rather than on scientific research.

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17
Q

Personality

Jung and Collective Unconscious

A

The collective unconscious refers to the idea that a segment of the deepest unconscious mind is genetically inherited and not shaped by personal experience.

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18
Q

Personality

Projective Tests (Thematic Apperception Test, Rorschach)

A

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): A projective test in which people express their inner feelings and intersects through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes.
Rorschach inkblot test: The most widely used projective test; a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.

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19
Q

Personality

Humanistic Theories

A

Theories that view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth.

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20
Q

Personality

Rogers’ Person-Centered Perspective

A

Person-centered therapy, also referred to as non-directive, client-centered, or Rogerian therapy, was pioneered by Carl Rogers in the early 1940s. This form of psychotherapy is grounded in the idea that people are inherently motivated toward achieving positive psychological functioning.

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21
Q

Personality

Maslow and Self-Actualization

A

Psychologist Abraham Maslow’s theory of self-actualization contends that individuals are motivated to fulfill their potential in life.

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22
Q

Psych. Disorders

Definition of Psychological disorder

A

A syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior.

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23
Q

Psych. Disorders

Medical Model

A

The concept that diseasees, in this case psychological disorders, have psychical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital.

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24
Q

Psych. Disorders

The Biopsychosocial Approach

A

Today’s psychology studies how biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors interact to produce specific psychological disorders.

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25
Q

Psych. Disorders

DSM-5

A

A widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.

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26
Q

Psych. Disorders

Misconception about Mental Disorders

A

Mental illnesses are real illnesses

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27
Q

Psych. Disorders

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

A

A disorder characterized by unwanted repetive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both.

28
Q

Psych. Disorders

Anxiety disorders (Generlized, panic, and specific phobias)

A

Generlized Anxiety Disorder: In which a person is, for no obvious reason, continually tense and uneasy.
Panic disorder: In which a person experiences panic attacks–sudden episodes of intense dread–and fears the next episode’s unpredictable onset.
Phobias: In which a person is intensely and irrationally afraid of something.

29
Q

Psych. Disorders

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

A

A disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, hypervigilance, avoidance of trauma-related stimuli, social withdrawel, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience.

30
Q

Psych. Disorders

Major depressive disorder

A

A disorder in which a person experiences two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure.

With the absence of drugs or another medical condtion

31
Q

Psych. Disorders

Bipolar disorder

A

A disorder in which a person alternates between the hoplessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania.

32
Q

Psych. Disorders

Schizophrenia

A

A disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or dimished, inappropriate emotional expression.

33
Q

Psych. Disorders

Dissociative identity disorder (DID)

A

A rare dissociative disorder in which a person echibits two or more distinct and alternative identites. (Formerly called multiple personality disorder).

34
Q

Psych. Disorders

Antisocial personality disorder

A

A personality disorder in which a person exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members, may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.

35
Q

Psych. Disorders

Eating Disorders (Anorexia and Bulimia) nervosa

A

Anorexia: In which a person maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight; sometimes accompanied by excessive exercise.
Bulimia: In which a person’s binge eating is followed by inappropriate weight-loss promoting behavior, such as vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise.

36
Q

Therapy

Diagnosis

A

The identification of the nature of an illness or other problem by examination of the symptoms.

37
Q

Therapy

Etiology

A

The cause, set of causes, or manner of causation of a disease or condition.

38
Q

Therapy

Prognosis

A

A prediction of the course, duration, severity, and outcome of a condition, disease, or disorder.

39
Q

Therapy

Criteria for diagnosis

A

A set of signs, symptoms, and tests used to determine the diagnosis of a person.

40
Q

Therapy

DSM-V

A

DSM-5-TR is the standard classification of mental disorders used by mental health professionals in the United States.

41
Q

Therapy

Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)

A

Prospective studies that measure the effectiveness of a new intervention or treatment.

42
Q

Therapy

Placebo Effect

A

A beneficial effect produced by a placebo drug or treatment, which cannot be attributed to the properties of the placebo itself, and must therefore be due to the patient’s belief in that treatment.

43
Q

Therapy

Psychoanalysis

A

Sigmund Freud’s theraputic technique. Freud believed the patient’s free association, resistances, dreams, and transferences–and the analyst’s interpretations of them–released previously repressed feeling, allowing the patient to gain self-insight.

44
Q

Therapy

Unconscious mind

A

The vast sum of operations of the mind that take place below the level of conscious awareness.

45
Q

Therapy

Resistance

A

In Psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material.

46
Q

Therapy

Free association

A

The mental process by which one word or image may spontaneously suggest another without any apparent connection.

47
Q

Therapy

Dream interpretation

A

In psychoanalysis, the analyst’s noting of supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight.

48
Q

Therapy

Humanistic Therapy

A

A range of different types of therapy that focus on a person as an individual with unique potential and abilities.

49
Q

Therapy

Insight therapy

A

Therapies deriving from the psychoanalysis tradition; views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and seeks to enhance self-insight.

50
Q

Therapy

Client-centered therapy

A

A humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within an accepting, genuine, empathic environment to facilitate clients’ growth.

51
Q

Therapy

Unconditional Positive Regard

A

A caring, accepting, injudgemental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients develllop self-awareness and self acceptence.

52
Q

Therapy

Behavior Therapies

A

Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors.

53
Q

Therapy

Counterconditioning

A

Behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; include exposure therapies and aversise conditioning.

54
Q

Therapy

Systematic desensitization

A

A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.

55
Q

Therapy

Token economy

A

An operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for privileges or treats.

56
Q

Therapy

Cognitive therapy

A

Therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions.

57
Q

Therapy

Cognitive-behavioral therapy

A

A popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior).

58
Q

Therapy

Biomedical therapy

A

Prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person’s physiology.

59
Q

Therapy

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

A

A medical treatment most commonly used in patients with severe major depression or bipolar disorder that has not responded to other treatments.

60
Q

Therapy

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

A

The application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity.

61
Q

Therapy

Psychosurgery

A

Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior.

62
Q

Therapy

Anti-anxiety drugs

A

Drugs used to control anxiety and agitation.

63
Q

Therapy

Anti-depressant drugs

A

Drugs used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, OCD, and PTSD.

64
Q

Therapy

Antipsychotic drugs

A

Drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder.

65
Q

Therapy

Types of Providers

A
  1. Family Physician
  2. Psychiatrist
  3. Clinical Psychologist
  4. Clinical Social Worker
  5. Counselor
66
Q

Therapy

Eclectic approach

A

An approach to psychotherapy that uses techniques from various forms of therapy.

Gen Psychology (4 decks)

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