Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Gen Psychology > Gen Psychology exam 2 > Flashcards

Gen Psychology exam 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Neuroscience

Theme for Neuroscience

A

Psychological, biological, social, and cultural factors influence behavior and mentalprocesses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Neuroscience

Function for neurons

A

Nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Neuroscience

Cell body

A

The part of a neuron that contains the nucleus; the cell’s life-support center.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Neuroscience

Dendrites

A

A neuron’s often bushy, branching extensions that receive and integrate messages, conducting impulses toward the cell body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Neuroscience

Axon

A

The neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles or glands.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Neuroscience

Action Potential

A

A neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Neuroscience

Refractory Period

A

In neural processing, a brief resting pause that occurs after a neuron has fired; subsequent action potentials cannot occur until the axon returns to its resting state.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Neuroscience

Threshold

A

The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Neuroscience

Resting Potential

A

The electrical potential of a neuron or other excitable cell relative to its surroundings when not stimulated or involved in passage of an impulse.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Neuroscience

Excitation

A

The residual physiological arousal left over from a previous event or experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Neuroscience

Inhibition

A

The process of restraining one’s impulses or behavior, either consciously or unconsciously, due to factors such as lack of confidence, fear of consequences, or moral qualms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Neuroscience

Neural Circuits

A

A population of neurons interconnected by synapses to carry out a specific function when activated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Neuroscience

Interneurons

A

Neurons within the brain and spinal cords; they communicate internally and process information between the sensory inputs and motor outputs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Neuroscience

Central nervous system (CNS) vs. Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

CNS: The brain and spinal cord
PNS: The sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Neuroscience

Brain Stem

A

The oldest part and central core of the brain. The brainstem is responsible for automatic survival functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Neuroscience

Localization of Function

A

Different cerebral cortical territories serve different functions, such as vision and language.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Neuroscience

Cerebellum

A

The “little brain” at the rear of the brainstem; function include processing sensory imput, coordinating movement output and balance, and enabling nonverbal and memory.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Neuroscience

Limbic System (hypothalamus, thalamus, amygdala, hippocampus)

A

Hypothalamus: Governs the endocrine system and is linked to emotion and reward.
Thalamus: Main control center. Directs messages to receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla.
Amydala: Linked to emotion.
Hippocampus: Helps process explicit (conscious) memories - of facts and events - for storage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Neuroscience

The 4 Lobes

A

Frontal Lobes: Front of brain; speaking and muscle movements and making plans and judgement.
Parietal Lobes: Top back of brain; receives sensory imput for touch and body position.
Occipital Lobes: Bottom back of brain; receives information from the visual fields (eyes).
Temporal Lobes: Middle and bottom of brain; receives imput from auditory areas.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Neuroscience

Motor Cortex

A

Back of the brain; controls voluntary movements.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Neuroscience

Somatosensory Cortex

A

Front of the brain; registers and processes body touch and movements sensations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Neuroscience

Left vs. Right brain hemisphere

A

The left hemisphere controls speech, comprehension, arithmetic, and writing.
The right hemisphere controls creativity, spatial ability, artistic, and musical skills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Neuroscience

Corpus Callosum

A

The large band of neural fiber connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Neuroscience

Contralateral Connections

A

Left brain controls actions of right brain and vice versa.

25
Q

Neuroscience

Lateralization and handedness

A

The left hemisphere is dominant for language in right handers but that left handers may have a more variable lateralization of language,

26
Q

Neuroscience

How genes and environment work together

A

Genes adapt to what the environment imposes

27
Q

Sens. and Perc.

What is the theme of Sensation and Perception

A

Our perceptions and biases filter our experiences of the world through an imperfectpersonal lens.

28
Q

Sens. and Perc.

Sensation

A

The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment.

29
Q

Sens. and Perc.

Perception

A

The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events.

30
Q

Sens. and Perc.

The Eye (Cornea, pupil, iris, retina)

A

Cornea: The outermost, clear layer of the eye, immediately anterior to the anterior chamber, iris, and pupil.
Pupil: The opening at the center of the iris through which light passes
Iris: The colored part of your eye
Retina: Contains the receptor rods the begin the processing of visual information.

31
Q

Sens. and Perc.

Transduction

A

Conversion of one form of energy into another.

32
Q

Sens. and Perc.

Optic nerve and Blind spot

A

Optic nerve: The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain.
Blind spot: The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a “blind” spot because no receptor cells are located there.

33
Q

Sens. and Perc.

Sensory Adaptation

A

Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation.

34
Q

Sens. and Perc.

Rods and Cones

A

Rods: Retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray, and are sensitive to movement.
Cones: Retinal receptors that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions.

35
Q

Sens. and Perc.

Trichromatic (three-color) Theory

A

The theory that the retina contains three different types of color receptors - one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue - which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color.

36
Q

Sens. and Perc.

Opponent-Process theory

Linked to three color theory

A

The theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, blue-yellow, white-black) enable color vision.

37
Q

Sens. and Perc.

Ear drum, middle ear, and Cochlea

A

Ear drum: What sounds waves hit to set off vibrations in the middle ear.
Middle ear: The chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (malleus, incus, and stapes) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea’s oval window.
Cochlea: A coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear: sound waves traveling through the cochlear fluid trigger nerve impulses.

38
Q

Sens. and Perc.

Place Theory

A

In hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea’s membrane is stimulated.

39
Q

Sens. and Perc.

Frequency Theory

A

In hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch.

40
Q

Sens. and Perc.

Depth Perception (plus binocular and monocular cues)

A

Depth Perception: The ability to see objects in three dimensions; allows us to judge distance.
Binocular cue: A depth cue that depends on the use of two eyes.
Monocular cue: A depth cue available to either eye alone.

41
Q

Sens. and Perc.

Bottom-up and Top-down processing

A

Bottom-up: Analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information.
Top-down: Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations.

42
Q

Sens. and Perc.

Figure-ground relationship

A

The organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground).

43
Q

Sens. and Perc.

Gestalt

A

An organized whole. Gestalt psychologies emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes.

44
Q

Sens. and Perc.

Perceptual Constancy

A

Perceiving objects by unchanging (having consistent color, brightness, shape, and size) even as illumination and retinal images change.

45
Q

Developmental Psych.

What is the theme for developmental psychology?

A

Psychology values diversity, promotes equity, and fosters inclusion in pursuit of a more just society

46
Q

Developmental Psych.

Nature and Nurture

A

How our genetic inheritance (our nature) interact with our experience (our nurture) to influence our development

47
Q

Developmental Psych.

Continuity and stages

A

What parts of development are gradual and continous, like riding an escalator, and what parts change abruptly in separate stages, like climbing rungs on a ladder.

48
Q

Developmental Psych.

Stabitility and change

A

Which of our traits persist through life and how do we change as we age.

49
Q

Developmental Psych.

Critical Period

A

An optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development.

50
Q

Developmental Psych.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A

Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking.

51
Q

Developmental Psych.

Schema

A

A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.

52
Q

Developmental Psych.

Assimilation

Schemas

A

Interpreting our new experinces in terms of our existing schemas.

53
Q

Developmental Psych.

Accommodation

Shemas

A

Adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information.

54
Q

Developmental Psych.

Four Stages of Piaget’s Theory (Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operations, Formal Operations)

A

Sensorimotor stage: 0-2 years; object permanence
Preoperational stage: 2-7 years; symbolic thought
Concrete operational stage: 7-11 years; operational thought
Formal operational stage: 12+ years; abstract concepts

55
Q

Developmental Psych.

Kohlberg’s Levels of Moral Reasoning (Preconventional, Conventional, Postconventional)

A

Preconventional: In which morality is determined by the consequences for the person.
Conventional: In which morality is determined by social rules.
Postconventional: In which morality is determined by core values.

56
Q

Developmental Psych.

Harlows’ Research on Attachment

A

The Harlow theory stated that the need for a mother’s love is not physical, but rather, emotional. The Harlow monkey experiment also showed that the younger the child, the more crucial the need for comfort.

57
Q

Developmental Psych.

Secure and Insecure Attachment

A

Secure attachment: Characterized by trust, stability, and a balance between intimacy and independence.
Insecure attachment: Emotional distance, inconsistent reactions to intimacy and conflict, and a fear of abandonment.

58
Q

Developmental Psych.

Authoritarian, Permissive, Neglectful, and Authoritative Parenting Styles

A

Authoritarian = Harsh and legalistic; little mercy or comfort. Permissive = Not enough boundaries; child more or less parents themselves.
Neglectful = Complete abandonment of the child is some way that will harm them.
Authoritative = Both demanding and responsive. Encourage open discussion and allow exceptions.

59
Q

Developmental Psych.

Erikson and Psychosocial Tasks

A

According to Erik Erikson, each stage of development has a psychosocial crisis that, depending on how handle, can determine your development in the next stage.

Gen Psychology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions