Gen Psychology exam 3 Flashcards
Learning
What is the theme of learning?
Psychology explains general principles that govern behavior while recognizing individual differences.
Learning
Definition of learning
The process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring information and behaviors.
Learning
Classical Conditioning
A type of learning in which we link two or more stimuli: the first stimulus (a tone) comes to elicit behavior (drooling) in anticipation.
Learning
Neutral stimulus (NS)
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that edicts no response before conditioning.
Learning
Unconditioned response (UR)
Goes with unconditioned stimulus
In classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occuring response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (US)(such as food in mouth).
Learning
Unconditioned stimulus (US)
Goes with unconditioned response (UR)
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally–naturally and automatically–triggers an unconditional response (UR)
Learning
Conditioned response (CR)
Goes with conditioned stimulus
In classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)
Learning
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
Goes with conditioned response
In classical conditioning, an originally neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR).
Learning
Extinction
The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS).
Learning
Generalization
The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
Learning
Discrimination
In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.
Learning
Spontaneous recovery
The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.
Learning
Operant conditioning
A type of learning in which a behavior becomes more likely to recur if followed by a reinforcer or less likely to recur if followed by a punisher.
Learning
Law of Effect
Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely.
Learning
Positive and negative reinforcement
Positive: Increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers. (ex. getting a toy for being good).
Negative: Increasing by stopping or reducing aversive stimuli. (ex. Not having to where your least favorite jacket if you’re being good in the grocery store).
Vise versa for positive punishment and negative punishment.
Learning
Conditioned reinforcer
A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer.
Learning
Shaping
An operant conditioning process in which reinforces guide behavior toward closer and closer appromimations of the desired behavior.
Learning
Latent learning
Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.
Learning
Reinforcement schedule and types (continuous, fixed-ratio, variable-ratio, fixed-interval, variable-interval).
Reinforcement schedule: A pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced.
Continuous: reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs.
Fixed-ratio: a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses.
Variable-ratio: A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses.
Fixed-interval: A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed.
Variable-interval: A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals.
Learning
Observational learning
Learning by observing others.
Learning
Cognitive map
A mental representation of the layout of one’s environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it.
Social pysh.
What is the theme for social psychology?
Ethical principles guide psychology research and practice.
