gen path - cell pathology keywords

Question 1

Cellular Adaptations

Answer 1

how cells change and adjust in response to different conditions

Question 2

Atrophy

Answer 2

when cells shrink / decrease in size, often from lack of nutrition

Question 3

Hypertrophy

Answer 3

when cells grow / increase in size, usually from increased demand or stimulation

Question 4

Physiologic

Answer 4

normal and natural processes in the body

Question 5

Pathologic

Answer 5

abnormal or unhealthy conditions

Question 6

Hyperplasia

Answer 6

when cells increase in number → can lead to tissue or organ growth

Question 7

Metaplasia

Answer 7

when one cell type changes into another, often from stress

Question 8

Dysplasia

Answer 8

abnormal development or growth of cells → can be a precursor to cancer

Question 9

Cellular Degeneration

Answer 9

deterioration / breakdown of cells

Question 10

Lethal injury (irreversible)

Answer 10

damage to cells that cannot be fixed, leading to cell death

Question 11

Non-lethal injury (reversible)

Answer 11

damage that cells can recover from and the cells can return to normal function

Question 12

Causes of cellular injury

Answer 12

different factors or conditions that can harm cells

Question 13

Oxygen deprivation

Answer 13

when cells don’t get enough oxygen

Question 14

Hypoxia

Answer 14

low oxygen levels in tissues

Question 15

Ischemia

Answer 15

reduced blood flow to an organ, often leading to decreased oxygen supply

Question 16

Chemical agents

Answer 16

substances that can harm cells (toxins, drugs, etc)

Question 17

Infectious agents

Answer 17

microorganisms (bacteria / viruses) that can cause diseases

Question 18

Immunological reactions

Answer 18

responses of the immune system that can damage cells

Question 19

Genetic defects

Answer 19

abnormalities in a person’s genetic material that can lead to cellular problems

Question 20

Nutritional imbalances

Answer 20

lack or excess of certain nutrients that can affect cell health

Question 21

Physical agents

Answer 21

external forces like trauma or radiation that can harm cells

Question 22

Aging

Answer 22

the process of passing time that can cause cells to change

Question 23

Stages of Necrosis

Answer 23

phases of cell death

Question 24

Nuclear changes

Answer 24

alterations of the cells nucleus during cell death

Question 25

Pyknosis

Answer 25

nucleus shrinks and becomes dense

Question 26

Karyorrhexis

Answer 26

nucleus breaks into smaller parts

Question 27

Karyolysis

Answer 27

nucleus dissolves

Question 28

Cytoplasmic changes

Answer 28

changes in the substance surrounding the nucleus during cell death

Question 29

Patterns of Necrosis

Answer 29

different ways cells die

Question 30

Coagulative necrosis

Answer 30

cell proteins solidify

Question 31

Liquefactive necrosis

Answer 31

cells dissolve into a liquid

Question 32

Caseous necrosis

Answer 32

dead cells form a soft, cheesy substance

Question 33

Fat necrosis

Answer 33

fats break down into fatty acids

Question 34

Fibrinoid necrosis

Answer 34

abnormal accumulation of fibrin (a protein) in tissues

Question 35

Gangrenous necrosis

Answer 35

death of a group of cells, often in a limb

Question 36

Dry gangrene

Answer 36

tissue becomes dry, shrunken and dark; often leads to loss of an extremity and can occur from frostbite

Question 37

Wet gangrene

Answer 37

tissue becomes moist, swollen, and discolored due to bacterial infection

Question 38

Apoptosis

Answer 38

the process of programmed cell death; is normal and natural when cells are old, damaged or no longer needed

Question 39

Necrosis

Answer 39

the premature death of cells or tissues in the body due to injury, infection, or a harmful condition

Question 40

Cachexia

Answer 40

a condition that goes beyond simple malnutrition and is associated with the breakdown of muscle and fat tissue; characterized by severe weight loss, muscle wasting, and overall weakness (often seen in AIDS/HIV and cancer patients)

Question 41

Involution

Answer 41

the natural process of shrinking/regressing in size in a tissue or organ after reaching its peak development

Question 42

Ubiquitin

Answer 42

is a small protein found in cells that regulate various cellular process; marks cells that need to be broken down

Question 43

Lipofuscin

Answer 43

is a yellow-brown pigment that accumulates in aging cells; is considered a marker or cell aging/wear and tear, doesn't break down, found in neurons and cardiac muscle cells