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gen eng Flashcards

1
Q

new process that scientists use to alter the genetic instructions in organisms

A

genetic engineering

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2
Q

full word for DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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3
Q

Organisms created by genetic engineering are
called

A

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)

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4
Q

2 types of genetic engineering

A

classical breeding, recombinant DNA technology

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5
Q

the practice of mating or breeding selected
organisms with desirable traits, also called as selective breeding

A

classical breeding

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6
Q

2 natural processes of classical breeding

A

sexual and asexual reproduction

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7
Q

Direct manipulation, it uses molecular technique ( example; Gel
electrophoresis), it involves the isolation of the desired gene.

A

recombinant DNA technology

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8
Q

is the process of making
multiple, identical copies of a particular piece of
DNA – genetically identical (exact)

A

DNA cloning

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9
Q

it is a sequence of DNA on a chromosome that
codes for one protein.

A

gene

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10
Q

small circular DNA molecule found in
bacteria and some microscopic organisms, physically separate from chromosomal
DNA and replicate independently ( Extra
Chromosomal DNA)

A

plasmid

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11
Q

used to cut DNA and plasmid

A

restriction enzyme

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12
Q

an end of a DNA double helix at which a few
unpaired nucleotides of one strand extend beyond the other.

A

sticky ends

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13
Q

what is BT

A

Bacillus thuringiensis

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14
Q

enhanced through biotechnology to
protect against insect pests.

A

BT corn

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15
Q

it contains a natural protein from the soil
bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (BT) that
makes it resistant to EFSB

A

BT eggplant

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16
Q

what is EFSB

A

Eggplant fruit shoot borer

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17
Q

a new type of rice that contains beta carotene
(provitamin A, a plant pigment that the body
converts into vitamin ( good for eyesight, skin &U immunity ) as needed

A

Golden rice

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18
Q

through the process of descent with
modification, changes in the characteristics
of a species over several generations and
relies on the process of natural selection.

A

evolution

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19
Q

study of how evolution occurs. Biological
populations evolve through genetic changes
that correspond to changes in the organisms’
observable traits

A

evolutionary biology

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20
Q

a record of life forms and geological
events in Earth’s history.

A

geological time scale

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21
Q

remnant, impression, or trace of an animal
or plant of a past geologic age that has been
preserved in Earth’s crust

A

fossils

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22
Q

is the primary source of information about the history of life on Earth.

A

fossil records

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23
Q

2 types of geologic dating

A

Relative dating, absolute dating

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24
Q

is used to determine the relative
order of past events by comparing
the age of one object to another. It
states that rocks positioned below
other rocks are older than the rockets
above.

A

Relative dating

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25
Q

finds the actual age of the rock
and it states the approximate age in
years of the rock ( uses radiometric
technique).

A

Absolute dating

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26
Q

a “calendar” of Earth history

A

geologic time scale

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27
Q
  • Largest division of geological time
    scale;
  • Half billion – nearly 2 billion years
  • Are divided into “eras”
A

Eon

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28
Q
  • 2nd largest division of geological
    time scale;
  • Division that spans time periods of
    tens to hundreds of million years.
  • Divided into “periods”
A

Era

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29
Q
  • A division of geologic history with
    spans of no more than 100 million
    years.
  • Divided into “epochs”
A

Periods

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30
Q

Smallest division of geological time
scale.

A

Epoch

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31
Q
  • 88% of Earth’s history
  • is made up of 3 large eons totaling
    over 4 brys
A

Precambrian

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32
Q
  • Hellfire & Brimstone
  • From 4.6 - 3.8 billion years
    ago
  • The formation of the solar
    system through planetary
    bombardment
  • Sun was 70% as bright
A

Hadean

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33
Q
  • From 3.8 - 2.5 billion years
    ago
  • Surface of the earth turns
    from molten to solid rock
  • Oldest rocks known have
    been dated to the eon
  • Potentially the first simple
    bacteria/algae fossils
  • Continents begin to form
A

Archean

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34
Q
  • From 2500 - 570 million
    years ago
  • Largest Eon ( ~2 billion
    years total)
  • Atmosphere enriched with
    oxygen due to
    bacteria–ozone layer forms
    too
  • First multi-cell fossils
  • Eukaryotic cell fossils
  • Extensive glaciations during
    “Snowball Earth”
A

Proterozoic

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35
Q

First multi-cell fossils

A

stromatolites

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36
Q
  • Greatest diversity of land and ocean
    organisms
  • Fossil record indicates complex
    organisms thrive
  • Several mass extinctions
  • We are still currently living in this
A

Phanerozoic

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37
Q
  • Spans 570-245 MYA
  • Trilobites, seed ferns, &
    amphibians are major index
    fossils or the Paleozoic
  • Massive swamps resulting in
    coal deposits of today
  • Disastrous extinction at the
    end of the Permian wiping
    out ~90% of all marine &
    ~70% of all land organisms.
A

Paleozoic

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38
Q

6 periods of paleozoic

A

Cambrian, Ordovician,
Silurian, Devonian,
Carboniferous, Permian

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39
Q
  • Has 3 periods from 245 – 66 MYA
  • Warmer climates dominate
  • Gymnosperms (nonflowering, naked seed) appear
    and become the dominant
    plant
  • Age of reptiles
A

Mesozoic

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40
Q

3 periods of mesozoic

A

triassic, jurassic, cretaceous

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41
Q
  • A completely new
    invertebrate species that
    developed in the Triassic was
    the Belemnite
  • First dinosaurs were
    evolving
A

Triassic

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42
Q
  • Age of Dinosaurs
  • The largest dinosaurs during
    the Jurassic period were the
    sauropods.
  • Theropods walked on two
    legs and were carnivores.
A

Jurassic

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43
Q
  • The last and longest segment
    of the Mesozoic Era. it lasted
    approximately 79 millions
    years.
  • During the Cretaceous
    Period, more ancient birds
    took flight, joining the
    pterosaurs in the air
A

Cretaceous

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44
Q
  • rise of mammals
  • 2 periods spanning from 66
    MYA to present day:
  • We are now in the Holocene
  • Cenozoic has the fossils of
    the organisms whic
A

Cenozoic

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45
Q

7 epochs of cenozoic

A

Paleocene,
Erocene, Oligocene,
Miocene, Pilocene,
Pleistocene, & Holocene

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46
Q
  • represents less
    than 2% of Earth’s history
  • Mammals rise and become
    the dominant organism on
    land
  • Angiosperms (flowers)
    become the dominant plant
    life on land; this probably
    helped to allow the rise of
    birds and mammals who
A

Cenozoic

47
Q

Ice age advances occur
during this; many
organisms went extinct with
ice age climate change.

A

Pleistocene

48
Q

Marks the beginning of the Cenozoic Era

A

Tertiary

49
Q

65 to 54 million years ago

A

Paleocene epoch

50
Q

54 to 38 million years ago

A

Eocene epoch

51
Q

38 to 24 million years ago

A

Oligocene epoch

52
Q

24 to 5 million years ago

A

Miocene epoch

53
Q

5 to 1.8 million years ago

A

Pliocene epoch

54
Q

Began with an ice age about 1.8 million
years ago. It is often called Age of
Humans

A

Quaternary

55
Q

1.8 million to 11,000 years ago

A

Pleistocene epoch

56
Q

11,000 years ago to present day

A

Holocene epoch

57
Q
  • process
  • biological population
  • inheritable characteristics
  • successive generations of the
    population
  • develops in a long period of time
  • adapt to the changes in their
    environment
A

Evolution

58
Q

Species are identical. They tend
to remain the same species and can
be arranged hierarchically

A

Aristotle

59
Q

As species change, they migrate
to another environment resulting in
their distribution.

A

Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon

60
Q

species evolved from common
ancestors

A

Charles Darwin

61
Q

Species evolved from an existing
species through environmental
forces. Traits can be passed to the
next generation.

A

Jean Baptiste Lamarck

62
Q

All changes in the environment
are uniform and gradual.

A

Charles Lyell

63
Q

Species evolved from the process
of natural selection which causes
variations within the population.

A

Alfred Russel Wallace

64
Q
  • Also called as the Theory
    of the Inheritance of
    Acquired Characteristics or
    “ Soft Inheritance”
  • Holds that an organism
    experiencing such a
    modification can transmit
    such a character to its
    offspring
A

Theory of Acquired Characteristics

65
Q

Parts of the organism that
is regularly used will
undergo hypertrophy and
will be developed.

A

Theory of Use and Disuse

66
Q

changes in the
environment can rise to
NEW NEEDS required for
species’ survival

A

Theory of Need

67
Q

Organisms adapt to its
environment and survive

A

Survival of the fittest

68
Q

Species have descended and changed over
time.

A

Descent with modification

69
Q

process through which
populations of living organisms
adapt and change.

A

Natural selection

70
Q

identification of desirable traits
by HUMANS to perpetuate it to
future generations.

A

Artificial selection

71
Q
  • introduction of genetic material (
    by interbreeding from one
    population of a species to another)
  • migrations
  • geographic isolation
A

Gene flow

72
Q

change in frequency of an
existing gene variant in the
population due to random chance.

A

Genetic drift

73
Q

occurs when a small group of
individuals becomes isolated from
a large population.

A

Founder effect

74
Q

occurs when a small group of
individuals becomes isolated from
a large population.

A

Founder effect

75
Q

occurs when a population
rapidly decreases in size.

A

Bottleneck effect

76
Q

Genes are damaged or changed
that alter the DNA sequence due to
exposure.

A

Mutation

77
Q

Different traces or remains of an
organism changed over time and
preserved by NATURAL
PROCESSES.

A

Fossil Record

78
Q

Species variation occurs through
mutation and sexual reproduction,
but humans select features that are
beneficial.

A

Artificial selection

79
Q

Organisms from a prior geographic region that were closely related but different species traveled into surrounding habitats and evolved in these far apart geographic regions

A

Geographic distribution

80
Q

Organisms that are closely related yet different species live in different geographic locations evolved similarly and adapt to the same environment

A

Convergent evolution

81
Q

Different organisms’ structures
evolved from a common ancestor

A

Homologous structures

82
Q

structures in various species
evolved independently yet serve
the same or similar functions.

A

Analogous structures

83
Q

Physical and behavior characteristics of organisms that have no longer been used over time

A

Vestigial organs

84
Q
  • similarities of human DNA and
    protein sequences to other animals
  • All living things share same
    genetic structure ( DNA & RNA
A

Molecular homologies

85
Q

Embryos of vertebrates develop
in the same way

A

Embryology

86
Q

Human embryos have a tail in
the which disappears
during the

A

4th week, 8th week

87
Q

Study of biological diversity and the
relationships among organisms

A

Systematics

88
Q

The science of describing, naming and
classifying species

A

Taxonomy

89
Q

The study of evolutionary relationships
among species.

A

Phylogenetics

90
Q
  • Greek Philosopher
  • Classified all the animals, Historia
    Animalium
  • Grouped creatures into hierarchy
  • “Great chain of being”
A

Aristotle

91
Q
  • Swedish botanist and explorer
  • Developed the Linnaean system, a
    taxonomic classification system.
  • Organized organisms from larger to
    smaller and more specific categories,
    and the Hierarchical System
  • Created a scientific naming system,
    Binomial System of Nomenclature
A

Carolus Linnaeus, Carl von Linne

92
Q

How to write scientific names

A

Genus species

93
Q

Dear King Phillip Came Over From Great Spain

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

94
Q
  • Ancient bacteria
  • Prokaryotes
  • Unicellular
  • Cells don’t have peptidoglycan
  • Mostly extremophiles
  • Halophiles, methanogens, thermophiles
  • Some are autotrophs, some are heterotrophs
A

Kingdom Archaea

95
Q
  • True bacteria and blue-green algae
    (cyanobacteria)
  • Prokaryotes
  • Unicellular ( some form colonies and
    filaments)
  • Cells have peptidoglycan
  • Survives almost anywhere
A

Kingdom Eubacteria

96
Q
  • Plant-like, animal-like, and fungus-like
    organisms
  • Eukaryotes
  • Mostly unicellular, few are colonial and
    multicellular
  • Mostly aquatic
  • Some are autotrophs, some are heterotrophs
A

Kingdom Protista

97
Q
  • Eukaryotes
  • Mostly multicellular, very few unicellular
  • All are heterotrophs
  • Form spores for reproduction
  • The cell wall contains chitin
  • Breaks down organic materials
  • Provides drugs and aids in food production
  • “Model organisms” in genetics and
    molecular biology
  • Causes animal and plant diseases
A

Kingdom Fungi

98
Q
  • Eukaryotes
  • Multicellular
  • Autotrophs
  • Cells are enclosed by a rigid cell wall
  • Has chlorophyll
  • Producers
  • Two major groups
    ● Bryophytes
    ● Tracheophytes
A

Kingdom Plantae

99
Q
  • Eukaryotes
  • Multicellular
  • Heterotrophs
  • Consumers
  • Biggest kingdom in the living world
  • Two major groups:
    ● Vertebrates
    ● Invertebrates
A

Kingdom Animalia

100
Q

amoeba, paramecium, euglena

A

unicellular

101
Q
  • Describes relationship of organisms as
    which organism it is thought to have
    evolved from;
  • Which species it is most closely related to.
  • Identify the characters that vary among
    species .
    These can be:
    ● Morphological/anatomical features
    ● Physiological Adaptations
    ● Molecular sequences
    ● Behavioral or ecological
A

Phylogeny

102
Q
  • are shared characters that are
    not a result of common ancestry, but of
    independent evolution of similar characters.
  • Can result from convergent evolution.
A

Homoplasy

103
Q
  • a similar character emerged by the common ancestry
A

Homology

104
Q
  • A way of classifying organisms into
    hierarchical branches based on shared
    derived characteristics.
A

Cladistics

105
Q
  • Similarity that is inherited from the most
    recent common ancestor
A

Derived characteristics

106
Q
  • Similarity that arose prior to the common
    ancestor of the group.
A

Ancestral characteristics

107
Q
  • Shared ancestral characters
A

Symplesiomorphy

108
Q
  • A derived character that is shared by all the
    members of the clade.
  • CLADE = common ancestor
A

Synapomorphy

109
Q

is a pair of taxa that are most
closely related to each other

A

Sister groups

110
Q
  • Consists of the ancestor species and all its
    descendants.
A

Monophyletic

111
Q
  • Consists of an ancestral
    species and some, but not all of the
    descendants
A

Paraphyletic

112
Q
  • includes many species
    that lack a common ancestor.
A

Polyphyletic

113
Q
  • The less evolutionary steps are better than
    more steps to explain relationships. The tree
    with the least number of steps is the most
    parsimonious.
A

Principle of parsimony

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