gen eng Flashcards
1
Q
new process that scientists use to alter the genetic instructions in organisms
A
genetic engineering
2
Q
full word for DNA
A
deoxyribonucleic acid
3
Q
Organisms created by genetic engineering are
called
A
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
4
Q
2 types of genetic engineering
A
classical breeding, recombinant DNA technology
5
Q
the practice of mating or breeding selected
organisms with desirable traits, also called as selective breeding
A
classical breeding
6
Q
2 natural processes of classical breeding
A
sexual and asexual reproduction
7
Q
Direct manipulation, it uses molecular technique ( example; Gel
electrophoresis), it involves the isolation of the desired gene.
A
recombinant DNA technology
8
Q
is the process of making
multiple, identical copies of a particular piece of
DNA – genetically identical (exact)
A
DNA cloning
9
Q
it is a sequence of DNA on a chromosome that
codes for one protein.
A
gene
10
Q
small circular DNA molecule found in
bacteria and some microscopic organisms, physically separate from chromosomal
DNA and replicate independently ( Extra
Chromosomal DNA)
A
plasmid
11
Q
used to cut DNA and plasmid
A
restriction enzyme
12
Q
an end of a DNA double helix at which a few
unpaired nucleotides of one strand extend beyond the other.
A
sticky ends
13
Q
what is BT
A
Bacillus thuringiensis
14
Q
enhanced through biotechnology to
protect against insect pests.
A
BT corn
15
Q
it contains a natural protein from the soil
bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (BT) that
makes it resistant to EFSB
A
BT eggplant
16
Q
what is EFSB
A
Eggplant fruit shoot borer
17
Q
a new type of rice that contains beta carotene
(provitamin A, a plant pigment that the body
converts into vitamin ( good for eyesight, skin &U immunity ) as needed
A
Golden rice
18
Q
through the process of descent with
modification, changes in the characteristics
of a species over several generations and
relies on the process of natural selection.
A
evolution
19
Q
study of how evolution occurs. Biological
populations evolve through genetic changes
that correspond to changes in the organisms’
observable traits
A
evolutionary biology
20
Q
a record of life forms and geological
events in Earth’s history.
A
geological time scale
21
Q
remnant, impression, or trace of an animal
or plant of a past geologic age that has been
preserved in Earth’s crust
A
fossils
22
Q
is the primary source of information about the history of life on Earth.
A
fossil records
23
Q
2 types of geologic dating
A
Relative dating, absolute dating
24
Q
is used to determine the relative
order of past events by comparing
the age of one object to another. It
states that rocks positioned below
other rocks are older than the rockets
above.
A
Relative dating
25
finds the actual age of the rock
and it states the approximate age in
years of the rock ( uses radiometric
technique).
Absolute dating
26
a “calendar” of Earth history
geologic time scale
27
- Largest division of geological time
scale;
- Half billion – nearly 2 billion years
- Are divided into “eras”
Eon
28
- 2nd largest division of geological
time scale;
- Division that spans time periods of
tens to hundreds of million years.
- Divided into “periods”
Era
29
- A division of geologic history with
spans of no more than 100 million
years.
- Divided into “epochs”
Periods
30
Smallest division of geological time
scale.
Epoch
31
- 88% of Earth’s history
- is made up of 3 large eons totaling
over 4 brys
Precambrian
32
- Hellfire & Brimstone
- From 4.6 - 3.8 billion years
ago
- The formation of the solar
system through planetary
bombardment
- Sun was 70% as bright
Hadean
33
- From 3.8 - 2.5 billion years
ago
- Surface of the earth turns
from molten to solid rock
- Oldest rocks known have
been dated to the eon
- Potentially the first simple
bacteria/algae fossils
- Continents begin to form
Archean
34
- From 2500 - 570 million
years ago
- Largest Eon ( ~2 billion
years total)
- Atmosphere enriched with
oxygen due to
bacteria–ozone layer forms
too
- First multi-cell fossils
- Eukaryotic cell fossils
- Extensive glaciations during
“Snowball Earth”
Proterozoic
35
First multi-cell fossils
stromatolites
36
- Greatest diversity of land and ocean
organisms
- Fossil record indicates complex
organisms thrive
- Several mass extinctions
- We are still currently living in this
Phanerozoic
37
- Spans 570-245 MYA
- Trilobites, seed ferns, &
amphibians are major index
fossils or the Paleozoic
- Massive swamps resulting in
coal deposits of today
- Disastrous extinction at the
end of the Permian wiping
out ~90% of all marine &
~70% of all land organisms.
Paleozoic
38
6 periods of paleozoic
Cambrian, Ordovician,
Silurian, Devonian,
Carboniferous, Permian
39
- Has 3 periods from 245 – 66 MYA
- Warmer climates dominate
- Gymnosperms (nonflowering, naked seed) appear
and become the dominant
plant
- Age of reptiles
Mesozoic
40
3 periods of mesozoic
triassic, jurassic, cretaceous
41
- A completely new
invertebrate species that
developed in the Triassic was
the Belemnite
- First dinosaurs were
evolving
Triassic
42
- Age of Dinosaurs
- The largest dinosaurs during
the Jurassic period were the
sauropods.
- Theropods walked on two
legs and were carnivores.
Jurassic
43
- The last and longest segment
of the Mesozoic Era. it lasted
approximately 79 millions
years.
- During the Cretaceous
Period, more ancient birds
took flight, joining the
pterosaurs in the air
Cretaceous
44
- rise of mammals
- 2 periods spanning from 66
MYA to present day:
- We are now in the Holocene
- Cenozoic has the fossils of
the organisms whic
Cenozoic
45
7 epochs of cenozoic
Paleocene,
Erocene, Oligocene,
Miocene, Pilocene,
Pleistocene, & Holocene
46
- represents less
than 2% of Earth’s history
- Mammals rise and become
the dominant organism on
land
- Angiosperms (flowers)
become the dominant plant
life on land; this probably
helped to allow the rise of
birds and mammals who
Cenozoic
47
Ice age advances occur
during this; many
organisms went extinct with
ice age climate change.
Pleistocene
48
Marks the beginning of the Cenozoic Era
Tertiary
49
65 to 54 million years ago
Paleocene epoch
50
54 to 38 million years ago
Eocene epoch
51
38 to 24 million years ago
Oligocene epoch
52
24 to 5 million years ago
Miocene epoch
53
5 to 1.8 million years ago
Pliocene epoch
54
Began with an ice age about 1.8 million
years ago. It is often called Age of
Humans
Quaternary
55
1.8 million to 11,000 years ago
Pleistocene epoch
56
11,000 years ago to present day
Holocene epoch
57
- process
- biological population
- inheritable characteristics
- successive generations of the
population
- develops in a long period of time
- adapt to the changes in their
environment
Evolution
58
Species are identical. They tend
to remain the same species and can
be arranged hierarchically
Aristotle
59
As species change, they migrate
to another environment resulting in
their distribution.
Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
60
species evolved from common
ancestors
Charles Darwin
61
Species evolved from an existing
species through environmental
forces. Traits can be passed to the
next generation.
Jean Baptiste Lamarck
62
All changes in the environment
are uniform and gradual.
Charles Lyell
63
Species evolved from the process
of natural selection which causes
variations within the population.
Alfred Russel Wallace
64
- Also called as the Theory
of the Inheritance of
Acquired Characteristics or
“ Soft Inheritance”
- Holds that an organism
experiencing such a
modification can transmit
such a character to its
offspring
Theory of Acquired Characteristics
65
Parts of the organism that
is regularly used will
undergo hypertrophy and
will be developed.
Theory of Use and Disuse
66
changes in the
environment can rise to
NEW NEEDS required for
species’ survival
Theory of Need
67
Organisms adapt to its
environment and survive
Survival of the fittest
68
Species have descended and changed over
time.
Descent with modification
69
process through which
populations of living organisms
adapt and change.
Natural selection
70
identification of desirable traits
by HUMANS to perpetuate it to
future generations.
Artificial selection
71
- introduction of genetic material (
by interbreeding from one
population of a species to another)
- migrations
- geographic isolation
Gene flow
72
change in frequency of an
existing gene variant in the
population due to random chance.
Genetic drift
73
occurs when a small group of
individuals becomes isolated from
a large population.
Founder effect
74
occurs when a small group of
individuals becomes isolated from
a large population.
Founder effect
75
occurs when a population
rapidly decreases in size.
Bottleneck effect
76
Genes are damaged or changed
that alter the DNA sequence due to
exposure.
Mutation
77
Different traces or remains of an
organism changed over time and
preserved by NATURAL
PROCESSES.
Fossil Record
78
Species variation occurs through
mutation and sexual reproduction,
but humans select features that are
beneficial.
Artificial selection
79
Organisms from a prior geographic region that were closely related but different species traveled into surrounding habitats and evolved in these far apart geographic regions
Geographic distribution
80
Organisms that are closely related yet different species live in different geographic locations evolved similarly and adapt to the same environment
Convergent evolution
81
Different organisms’ structures
evolved from a common ancestor
Homologous structures
82
structures in various species
evolved independently yet serve
the same or similar functions.
Analogous structures
83
Physical and behavior characteristics of organisms that have no longer been used over time
Vestigial organs
84
- similarities of human DNA and
protein sequences to other animals
- All living things share same
genetic structure ( DNA & RNA
Molecular homologies
85
Embryos of vertebrates develop
in the same way
Embryology
86
Human embryos have a tail in
the which disappears
during the
4th week, 8th week
87
Study of biological diversity and the
relationships among organisms
Systematics
88
The science of describing, naming and
classifying species
Taxonomy
89
The study of evolutionary relationships
among species.
Phylogenetics
90
- Greek Philosopher
- Classified all the animals, Historia
Animalium
- Grouped creatures into hierarchy
- “Great chain of being”
Aristotle
91
- Swedish botanist and explorer
- Developed the Linnaean system, a
taxonomic classification system.
- Organized organisms from larger to
smaller and more specific categories,
and the Hierarchical System
- Created a scientific naming system,
Binomial System of Nomenclature
Carolus Linnaeus, Carl von Linne
92
How to write scientific names
Genus species
93
Dear King Phillip Came Over From Great Spain
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
94
- Ancient bacteria
- Prokaryotes
- Unicellular
- Cells don’t have peptidoglycan
- Mostly extremophiles
- Halophiles, methanogens, thermophiles
- Some are autotrophs, some are heterotrophs
Kingdom Archaea
95
- True bacteria and blue-green algae
(cyanobacteria)
- Prokaryotes
- Unicellular ( some form colonies and
filaments)
- Cells have peptidoglycan
- Survives almost anywhere
Kingdom Eubacteria
96
- Plant-like, animal-like, and fungus-like
organisms
- Eukaryotes
- Mostly unicellular, few are colonial and
multicellular
- Mostly aquatic
- Some are autotrophs, some are heterotrophs
Kingdom Protista
97
- Eukaryotes
- Mostly multicellular, very few unicellular
- All are heterotrophs
- Form spores for reproduction
- The cell wall contains chitin
- Breaks down organic materials
- Provides drugs and aids in food production
- “Model organisms” in genetics and
molecular biology
- Causes animal and plant diseases
Kingdom Fungi
98
- Eukaryotes
- Multicellular
- Autotrophs
- Cells are enclosed by a rigid cell wall
- Has chlorophyll
- Producers
- Two major groups
● Bryophytes
● Tracheophytes
Kingdom Plantae
99
- Eukaryotes
- Multicellular
- Heterotrophs
- Consumers
- Biggest kingdom in the living world
- Two major groups:
● Vertebrates
● Invertebrates
Kingdom Animalia
100
amoeba, paramecium, euglena
unicellular
101
- Describes relationship of organisms as
which organism it is thought to have
evolved from;
- Which species it is most closely related to.
- Identify the characters that vary among
species .
These can be:
● Morphological/anatomical features
● Physiological Adaptations
● Molecular sequences
● Behavioral or ecological
Phylogeny
102
- are shared characters that are
not a result of common ancestry, but of
independent evolution of similar characters.
- Can result from convergent evolution.
Homoplasy
103
- a similar character emerged by the common ancestry
Homology
104
- A way of classifying organisms into
hierarchical branches based on shared
derived characteristics.
Cladistics
105
- Similarity that is inherited from the most
recent common ancestor
Derived characteristics
106
- Similarity that arose prior to the common
ancestor of the group.
Ancestral characteristics
107
- Shared ancestral characters
Symplesiomorphy
108
- A derived character that is shared by all the
members of the clade.
- CLADE = common ancestor
Synapomorphy
109
is a pair of taxa that are most
closely related to each other
Sister groups
110
- Consists of the ancestor species and all its
descendants.
Monophyletic
111
- Consists of an ancestral
species and some, but not all of the
descendants
Paraphyletic
112
- includes many species
that lack a common ancestor.
Polyphyletic
113
- The less evolutionary steps are better than
more steps to explain relationships. The tree
with the least number of steps is the most
parsimonious.
Principle of parsimony
