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Reviewer 1st Quarter > Gen Bio > Flashcards

Gen Bio Flashcards

1
Q

THE CELL THEORY

A
  1. Cell is the basic unit of life.
  2. All living organisms are made up of cells.
  3. All cells come from pre existing cells.
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2
Q

Uses visible light

A

Light Microscopy

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3
Q

Lenses refract the light in a
way that the image is
magnified

A

Light Microscopy

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4
Q

Stained and unstained

samples

A

Brightfield

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5
Q

Variation in density

A

Phase-Contrast

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6
Q

Same as in phase-contrast but

3D and monotonous

A

Differential-Interference-

Contrast

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7
Q

Absorbs UV radiation and

emits visible light

A

Fluorescence

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8
Q

Difference in color for different

organelles

A

Fluorescence

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9
Q

Uses laser light to scan dyed

samples

A

Confocal

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10
Q

3D images at high resolutions

A

Confocal

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11
Q

Uses beams of electrons

A

Electron Microscopy

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12
Q

Topography of a specimen

A

Scanning Electron

Microscope

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13
Q

3D, usually used in physical

and medical science

A

Scanning Electron

Microscope

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14
Q

Internal structure of the cells

A

Transmission Electron

Microscope

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15
Q

Thin section of a specimen

A

Transmission Electron

Microscope

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16
Q

Used in cell biology and
medical applications
- 2D

A

Transmission Electron

Microscope

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17
Q

Simpliest collection matter

A

THE CELL

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18
Q

An organism’s basic unit of life

A

THE CELL

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19
Q

Outmost part, protects the cell

and its content

A

Cell Membrane

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20
Q

Selective barrier that allows
the passage of enough
oxygen, nutrients, and wastes
to service the entire cell

A

Cell Membrane

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21
Q

Phospholipids, proteins,

carbohydrate side chains

A

Cell Membrane

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22
Q

Midlayer where most activities

of the cell takes place

A

Cytoplasm

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23
Q

Where organelles are located

A

Cytoplasm

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24
Q

gel like solution
composed of organic and
inorganic compounds

A

Cytosol

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25
Q

Serves as the brain of the cell
and directs all the cell’s
activities

A

Nucleus

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26
Q

Information central

A

Nucleus

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27
Q

Contains most of the genes

A

Nucleus

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28
Q

Encloses the nucleus
separating its components in
the cytoplasm

A

Nuclear Envelope

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29
Q

Maintains shape

A

Nuclear Lamina

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30
Q

Supports nuclear envelope

A

Nuclear Lamina

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31
Q

Carries genetic info

A

Chromosomes

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32
Q

Complex of DNA and proteins

making up chromosomes

A

Chromatin

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33
Q

Mass of densely granules and
fibers adjoining part of the
chromatin

A

Nucleolus

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34
Q

Protein factories

A

Ribosomes

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35
Q

where Protein synthesis happens

A

Ribosomes

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36
Q

Biosynthetic factory

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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37
Q

folds; membranous

tubules and sacs

A

Cisternae

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38
Q

Smooth ER

A

Smooth ER

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39
Q

metabolism

of carbohydrates

A

Smooth ER

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40
Q

detoxification of drugs and

poison

A

Smooth ER

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41
Q

storage of calcium

ions

A

Smooth ER

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42
Q

Synthesis of protein to be
secreted, sent to lysosomes or
plasma membrane and
making of secretory proteins

A

Rough ER

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43
Q

Shipping and Receiving

Center

A

Golgi Apparatus

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44
Q

Transfer of material between
parts of golgi and other
structures

A

Golgi Apparatus

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45
Q

Digestive compartment of the

cell

A

Lysosome

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46
Q

Used in animal cell to digest

(hydrolyze) macromolecules

A

Lysosome

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47
Q

Intracellular digestion of food

A

Phagocytosis

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48
Q

Intracellular degradation

system

A

Autophagy

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49
Q

digests organelle

components

A

hydrolytic enzyme

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50
Q

Chemical energy converter

A

Mitochondria

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51
Q

Powerhouse of the cell

A

Mitochondria

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52
Q

Site for cellular respiration

A

Mitochondria

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53
Q

Extracting energy from sugars,

fats, and other fuels

A

Mitochondria

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54
Q

major fuel for all cell

activities that require energy

A

ATP

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55
Q

Region between inner and

outer

A

Intermembrane Space

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56
Q

Contains enzymes as well as
mitochondrial DNA and
ribosomes

A

Mitochondrial Matrix

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57
Q

foldings

A

Cristae

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58
Q

Captures light energy

A

Chloroplast

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59
Q

Contains green pigment

chlorophyll

A

Chloroplast

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60
Q

Photosynthetic production of

sugar

A

Chloroplast

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61
Q

membranous
systems in a form of flattened
interconnected sacs

A

Thylakoids

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62
Q

STacked thylakoids

A

granum

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63
Q

fluid outside thylakoid
- Contains chloroplast DNA snd
ribosomes as well as enzymes

A

Stroma

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64
Q

Specialize metabolic

compartment

A

Peroxisomes

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65
Q

Uses oxygen to break fatty
acids to smaller molecules to
transport to the mitochondria

A

Peroxisomes

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66
Q

used as fuel for cellular

respiration

A

Peroxisomes

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67
Q

in seeds; fat

storing tissues

A

Glyoxysome

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68
Q

Found in plants, fungi, protists

A

Cell Wall

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69
Q

Surrounds plasma membrane

A

Cell Wall

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70
Q

Supports and protects plant

cells

A

Cell Wall

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71
Q

Plants: Cellulose; Fungi:____

A

Chitin

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72
Q

Bacteria’s cell wall

A

Peptidoglycan

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73
Q

Mechanical support

A

Cytoskeleton

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74
Q

Anchor organelles

A

Cytoskeleton

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75
Q

Help move substances

A

Cytoskeleton

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76
Q

short; used to move

substances outside the cell

A

Cilia

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77
Q

whip like extensions

A

Flagella

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78
Q

Composed of centrioles

arranged side by side

A

Centrosome

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79
Q

Pairs of microtubular structures

A

Centrioles

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80
Q

Pulls chromosomes apart

A

Centrioles

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81
Q

Membrane bound storage

sacs

A

Vacuoles

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82
Q

Contains food, water and

wastes

A

Vacuoles

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83
Q

Oldest type of cell

A

PROKARYOTIC CELLS

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84
Q

No nucleus or membrane

bound organelles

A

PROKARYOTIC CELLS

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85
Q

Single, circular chromosome

A

PROKARYOTIC CELLS

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86
Q

Genetic info is on a circular

loop called plasmids

A

PROKARYOTIC CELLS

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87
Q

has Strong cell walls which are
resistant to environmental
changes

A

PROKARYOTIC CELLS

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88
Q

One cell splits into two

A

Binary Fission

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89
Q

Sexual reproduction of

bacteria

A

Bacterial Conjugation

90
Q

Bacteria incorporates genes

form dead bacteria

A

Transformation

91
Q

Viruses insert new genes into

bacterial cells

A

Transduction

92
Q

Used in biotech to create
bacteria that creates valuable
products like insulin

A

Transduction

93
Q

Functions of prokaryotes

A
  • Decomposers
  • Agent of fermentation
  • Nutrient cycles
  • Metabolic cycles
94
Q

Has a cell membrane

A

EUKARYOTIC CELLS

95
Q

Found in the skin, body linings,

and glandular tissue

A

EPITHELIAL CELLS

96
Q

Single layer of flat cells

A

Simple Squamous

-

97
Q

Forms membranes

A

Simple Squamous

-

98
Q

Lines body cavities, lungs, and

capillaries

A

Simple Squamous

99
Q

Single layer cube like cells

A

Simple Cuboidal

100
Q

Forms wall of kidney tubules

A

Simple Cuboidal

101
Q

Glands and ducts

A

Simple Cuboidal

102
Q

Single layer of tall cells

A

Simple Columnar

103
Q

single layer but some cells are

shorter

A

Ciliated (Psuedostratified)

104
Q

appears to be double layer

A

Ciliated (Psuedostratified)

105
Q

skeletal muscle cells

A

Striated Muscle Cells

106
Q

controlled voluntarily

A

Striated Muscle Cells

107
Q

more than one nucleus

A

Striated Muscle Cells

108
Q

found only in the heart

A

Cardiac Muscle Cells

109
Q

pumps blood involuntarily

A

Cardiac Muscle Cells

110
Q

attached to other cardiac
muscle cells at intercalated
disks

A

Cardiac Muscle Cells

111
Q

Involuntary muscles

A

Smooth Muscle Cells

112
Q

Surrounds hollow organ

A

Smooth Muscle Cells

113
Q

One nucleus per cell

A

Smooth Muscle Cells

114
Q

Most resilient bounded by

calcium and phosphate

A

BONE CELLS (OSTEOCYTES)

115
Q

Strength, support, framework,

locomotion

A

BONE CELLS (OSTEOCYTES)

116
Q

stem

A

Osteogenic Cell

117
Q

bone matrix

A

Osteoblast

118
Q

maintains bone tissue

A

Osteocyte

119
Q

resorbs bone

A

Osteoclast

120
Q

Chondrotin sulphate makes

them softer and flexible

A

CARTILAGE CELLS (CHONDROCYTES)

121
Q

most versatile cell

A

NERVE CELLS

122
Q

make up the brain and spinal

chord

A

NERVE CELLS

123
Q

never multiply in one’s lifetime

A

NERVE CELLS

124
Q

fat cells

A 
ADIPOSE CELLS (ADIPOCYTES/
LIPOCYTES)
125
Q

ring-like in form and function

to store fat

A 
ADIPOSE CELLS (ADIPOCYTES/
LIPOCYTES)
126
Q

reduce friction and help

cushion the body

A 
ADIPOSE CELLS (ADIPOCYTES/
LIPOCYTES)
127
Q

Transports and supplies oxygen

A

Red Blood Cells

128
Q

Protects the body from infections

A

White Blood Cells

129
Q

Helps in the process of blood clotting

A

Thrombocytes (Platelets)

130
Q

Most common type of plant cell

A

PARENCHYMA CELLS

131
Q

Stores starch, oil, and water

A

PARENCHYMA CELLS

132
Q

Heal plant wounds (protection)

A

PARENCHYMA CELLS

133
Q

metabolism and absorption of nutrients

A

PARENCHYMA CELLS

134
Q

unevenly thick cell walls

A

COLLENCHYMA CELLS

135
Q

structural support

A

COLLENCHYMA CELLS

136
Q

help support plant while not restraining growth due to secondary cell

A

COLLENCHYMA CELLS

137
Q

strongest type of cell in plant

A

SCLERENCHYMA CELLS

138
Q

has secondary cell walls hardened by lignin

A

SCLERENCHYMA CELLS

139
Q

dies when they reach maturity

A

SCLERENCHYMA CELLS

140
Q

hard outershell of seeds and nuts

A

SCLERENCHYMA CELLS

141
Q

covers the outside, protects the plant

A

Dermal Tissues

142
Q

forms outer bark of the trees

A

Dermal Tissues

143
Q

stores materials in roots and stems

A

Ground Tissues

144
Q

made up of parenchyma cells

A

Ground Tissues

145
Q

transports water, minerals, and organic compounds

A

Vascular Tissues

146
Q

The ability of an organism to produce the own kind

A

CELL DIVISION

147
Q

Distinguishes living organisms to non living organisms

A

CELL DIVISION

148
Q

Main functions: development; growth/reproduction; repair

A

CELL DIVISION

149
Q

waist of the duplicated chromosome where chromatids attach

A

Centromere

150
Q

90% of the cell cycle

A

INTERPHASE

151
Q

Cell growth

- Carrying out the cell functions

A

G1

152
Q

Synthesis phase

A

S Phase

153
Q

DNA is replicated

A

S Phase

154
Q

Protein synthesis

A

S Phase

155
Q

Further modification of the cell

A

G2

156
Q

Preparation for mitosis

A

G2

157
Q

Chromosomes condense and nucleoli disappears

A

Prophase

158
Q

Mitotic spindle begins to form

A

Prophase

159
Q

Centromeres move away from each other

A

Prophase

160
Q

Nuclear envelop disintegrates

A

Prometaphase

161
Q

Centrosomes are now at opposite poles of the cell

A

Metaphase

162
Q

Chromosomes arrived at the metaphase plate

A

Metaphase

163
Q

Kinetochores of the sister chromatids are attached to the kinetochore fibres coming from opposite poles

A

Metaphase

164
Q

Shortest stage of mitosis

A

Anaphase

165
Q

Sister chromatids parts

A

Anaphase

166
Q

Cleavage furrow is formed

A

Telophase

167
Q

Nucleus and nuclear envelop forms in both daughter cells

A

Telophase

168
Q

Division of the cytoplasm

A

CYTOKINESIS

169
Q

Construction of two identical daughter cells

A

CYTOKINESIS

170
Q

Anaphase begins when the chromosomes are properly aligned

A

Protein complex is activated when kinetochores are attached to the spindles

171
Q

cells don’t stop dividing

A

Cancer Cells

172
Q

abnormal cell cycle control system

A

Cancer Cells

173
Q

don’t respond normally to the body’s control mechanisms

A

Cancer Cells

174
Q
  1. High Energy Radiation
    - Damages DNA of cancer cells
  2. Chemotherapy
    - Interferes steps in the cycle
    - Taxol: freezes spindle
A

Cancer Cells treatment

175
Q

Cell division of gametes, half nos. of chromosomes are produced

A

MEIOSIS

176
Q

“Reduction Division”

A

MEIOSIS

177
Q

Chromosome number is reduced from dipl

A

Meiosis I

178
Q

Longest and most complex

A

Prophase I

179
Q

Chromosomes condense and thicken

A

Prophase I

180
Q

Synapsis occurs where homologous chromosomes come together forming tetrads.

A

Prophase I

181
Q

homologous chromosomes come together forming tetrads.

A

Synapsis

182
Q

Crossing Over occurs

A

Prophase I

183
Q

pair of maternal and paternal chromosome with the same size and shape

A

Homologous Chromosome

184
Q

two chromosomes or four chromatids

A

Tetrad

185
Q

process of physical exchange of chromosome region; responsible for variation

A

Crossing Over

186
Q

Shortest phase

A

Metaphase I

187
Q

Independent Assortment occurs

A

Metaphase I

188
Q

Tetrads aligns at the metaphase plate

A

Metaphase I

189
Q

random distribution of homologous chromosomes on the metaphase plate; another process responsible for variation

A

Independent Assortment

190
Q

Responsible for variation

A

Independent assortment and crossing over

191
Q

Homologous chromosomes separate and move towards each pole

A

Anaphase I

192
Q

Chromosomes complete migration to poles

A

Telophase I

193
Q

Chromosome does not separate completely or correctly resulting to genetic disorders such as down syndrome

A

Nondisjunction

194
Q

entrance and exit of substances in the cell membrane

A

CELL TRANSPORT

195
Q

selectively permeable

A

Cell Membrane

196
Q

allows the entrance and exit of substances

A

Cell Membrane

197
Q

used for cell recognition and act as receptors and antigens

A

Proteins

198
Q

occur when atleast 2 carbohydrate compounds link together, forming disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides depending on the compounds on the chain

A

Carbohydrate Chains

199
Q

fatty acid tails

A

Phospholipids

200
Q

requires no energy

A

Simple Diffusion

201
Q

high to low concentration

A

Simple Diffusion

202
Q

diffusion of water across a membrane

A

Osmosis

203
Q

A solution whose concentration is the same as the solute concentration inside the cell

A

Isotonic

204
Q

The cell is at equilibrium

A

Isotonic

205
Q

Solute concentration is lower than the solute concentration inside the cell

A

Hypotonic

206
Q

Water goes inside the cell

A

Hypotonic

207
Q

bursting or swelling of cells

A

Cytolysis

208
Q

Solute concentration is higher than the solute concentration inside the cell

A

Hypertonic

209
Q

Water is going outside the cell

A

Hypertonic

210
Q

thinning and deformation of cells

A

Plasmolysis

211
Q

Uses energy in a form of ATP

A

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

212
Q

From low to high area

A

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

213
Q

Uses protein channels

A

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

214
Q

passageway of molecules

A

Protein Channel

215
Q

adjusts to the structure of the molecules that will enter

A

Carrier Proteins

216
Q

Releases molecules outside the cell

A

Exocytosis

217
Q

Serves as hormone molecules

A

Exocytosis

218
Q

molecules go inside the cell

A

Endocytosis

219
Q

Cell drinking

A

Pinocytosis

220
Q

Molecules engulfed and coated inside the vesicle

A

Pinocytosis

221
Q

Uses receptor proteins where molecules attach

A

Receptor Mediated Endocytosis

222
Q

Cell eating

A

Phagocytosis

Reviewer 1st Quarter (3 decks)

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