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Reviewer 1st Quarter > Earth Science > Flashcards

Earth Science Flashcards

1
Q

the origin of development of the universe

A

COSMOLOGY

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2
Q

is all the space and time and their contents including planet, stars, galaxies and all other forms of energy & matter

A

UNIVERSE

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3
Q

universus; whole, entire, all together or turned into one

A

UNIVERSE

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4
Q

originated from CENTRAL AFRICA

A

BIG BUMBA THEORY

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5
Q

One day Bumba, in pain from a stomach ache, vomited up the sun. The sun dried up some water leaving the land. Still in pain, Bumba vomited up the moon, stars, animals and finally, man.

A

BIG BUMBA THEORY

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6
Q

established by Aristotle

A

GEOCENTRISM

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7
Q

Earth is the center of universe

A

GEOCENTRISM

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8
Q

Opposed by Nicolas Copernicus with his HELIOCENTRISM (sun is the center)

A

GEOCENTRISM

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9
Q

George Lemaitre, Belgian pries, first suggested this theory

A

BIG BANG THEORY

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10
Q

the leading explanation about how the universe began

A

BIG BANG THEORY

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11
Q

universe started with a singularity then inflated over the next 13.8 billion years

A

BIG BANG THEORY

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12
Q

can be compared to the Doppler effect

A

REDSHIFT

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13
Q

happens when light from an object is increased in wavelength

A

REDSHIFT

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14
Q

proposed by Pierre-Simon Laplace

A

NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS

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15
Q

rotating gaseous cloud (NEBULA) that cools and contracts in the middle to form the sun and the rest that becomes a planet

A

NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS

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16
Q

interstellar cloud of dust, hydrogen, helium and ionized gases

A

NEBULA

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17
Q

Rogue star passes to the sun. From there, gas is remove from both the sun and rogue star.

A

ENCOUNTER HYPOTHESIS

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18
Q

the gas removed from the two stars contracts and formed

the planets

A

ENCOUNTER HYPOTHESIS

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19
Q

the position of the Earth is not too hot and not too cold; has the perfect position to support life

A

Goldilock Zone (Habitable Zone)

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20
Q

Goldilock Zone (Habitable Zone)

A

Venus is the hottest planet and not Mercury because it has an atmosphere that traps heat energy

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21
Q

an excellent solvent capable of dissolving many substances

A

Liquid Water

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22
Q

protects Earth by providing oxygen

A

Atmosphere

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23
Q

maintains the temperature and gases necessary for our survival

A

Atmosphere

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24
Q

Earth has the right density to keep its atmosphere – if lighter, the atmosphere could have escaped

A

Atmosphere

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25
Q

protection from the solar wind from the sun

A

Magnetic Field

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26
Q

protects us from solar flare

A

Magnetic Field

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27
Q

outer core consist of iron and nickel that has charged particles. When the earth is rotating, it produces _____

A

Magnetic Field

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28
Q

charged particles coming from the sun that consist mostly of electrons, protons, and alpha particles with thermal energy

A

solar wind

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29
Q

the right length of night and day made the evolution of species possible

A

Time of Evolution

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30
Q

Earth has the perfect position for species to evolve

A

Time of Evolution

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31
Q

set of bodies that are interacting

A

System

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32
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF EARTH THAT SUPPORTS LIFE

A

Goldilock Zone (Habitable Zone)

Liquid Water

Atmosphere

Magnetic Field

Time of Evolution

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33
Q

allows both matter and energy into them (Ex. Boiling water without a lid where heat escapes into the air, Photosynthesis)

A

Open System

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34
Q

allows matter and energy inside (Ex. Pressure cooker where steam is not allowed to escape, Respiration)

A

Closed System

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35
Q

gases that surrounds earth’s surface

A

Atmosphere

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36
Q

provides air to breathe

A

Atmosphere

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37
Q

composed of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.9% argon and trace amounts of other gases

A

Atmosphere

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38
Q

typhoon, clouds, low pressure and high pressure area, private areas

A

Troposphere

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39
Q

airplanes

A

Stratosphere

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40
Q

coldest, Ozone layer (composed of O3 gases – ozone gas),

A

Mesosphere

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41
Q

meteors burned here (more gases compared to thermosphere)

A

Mesosphere

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42
Q

hottest

A

Thermosphere

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43
Q

outermost layer

A

Exosphere

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44
Q

mostly solid part of the Earth

A

Lithosphere

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45
Q

rocks and soil on Earth’s surface and ocean floor

A

Lithosphere

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46
Q

includes the rocks of crust, upper mantle

A

Lithosphere

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47
Q

change in velocity

A

Discontinuity

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48
Q

between crust and mantle

A

Mohorovicic discontinuity

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49
Q

between mantle and outer core

A

Gutenberg discontinuity

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50
Q

Hydrosphere

A

Earth’s water, except in gaseous form

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51
Q

Earth’s water, except in gaseous form

A

Hydrosphere

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52
Q

ocean, lakes, glaciers, polar ice sheets, etc.

A

Hydrosphere

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53
Q

70% liquid water; 30% fresh water

A

Hydrosphere

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54
Q

Biosphere

A

set of all life forms

 covers all ecosystems

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55
Q

Some are in form of CRYSTAL

A

Minerals

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56
Q

Building blocks of rocks

A

Minerals

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57
Q

has Definite shape

A

Minerals

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58
Q

(transparent minerals with 3d structure)

A

CRYSTAL

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59
Q

Usually pretty

A

Minerals

60
Q

Pure/have specific composition

A

Minerals

61
Q

Have no fossil (except Amber-organic mineral)

A

Minerals

62
Q

Aggregate of one or more minerals

A

Rocks

63
Q

More than one mineral (Ijolite)

A

Rocks

64
Q

No definite shape

A

Rocks

65
Q

Some are cheap and used to build infrastructures.

A

Rocks

66
Q

Some have fossils

A

Rocks

67
Q

Doesn’t demonstrate crystallinity

A

Mineraloids

68
Q

Contains Silicon and Oxygen

A

Silicates

69
Q

Oxygen-bearing compounds

A

Oxides

70
Q

Contains Sulfur and Oxygen

A

Sulfate

71
Q

Sulfur-bearing compounds

A

Sulfide

72
Q

Contains Carbon and Oxygen

A

Carbonate

73
Q

Contains Halogen Elements

A

Halide

74
Q

A glow within; Intensity of reflected light exhibited by the mineral

A

Luster

75
Q

having the look of polished metals

A

Metallic Luster

76
Q

vitreous (glassy), Adamantine (brilliant/diamond-like), pearly, etc.

A

Non-Metallic Luster

77
Q

Measures the resistance of mineral to abrasion

A

Hardness

78
Q

polishes minerals to shape

A

Bruting

79
Q

softest mineral

A

Talc

80
Q

hardest mineral (black)

A

Diamond

81
Q

quality such as red, blue, green, etc. (solid form)

A

Color

82
Q

color of the mineral in powdered form

A

Streak

83
Q

The external shape of a crystal or groups of crystal

A

Crystal Form/Habit

84
Q

Crystal Forms

A

Prismatic (prism)

  • Cubic (cube)
  • Bladed (flat, sharp)
  • Octahedron (two pyramids base-to-base)
  • Globular (Grape-like)
  • Amorphous (no definite shape
85
Q

broken surfaces that are irregular or non-planar.

A

Fracture

86
Q

it is the property of mineral to break along parallel repetitive planes of weakness to form smooth flat surface.

A

Cleavage

87
Q

It is the ratio of the weight of a mineral to the weight of an equal volume of water. (density)

A

Specific Gravity

88
Q

made up of fragments

A

Clastic

89
Q

action of water flow, wind that remove the rock, soil, or dissolved materials

A

Erosion

90
Q

composed of layers / striation

A

Foliation

91
Q

study of minerals

A

Mineralogy

92
Q

breaking down of rocks

A

Weathering

93
Q

Came from the Latin word “ignis” which means fire.

A

Igneous Rocks

94
Q

These are rocks that cooling and solidification of magma or lava.

A

Igneous Rocks

95
Q

800 – 1200 degree Celsius

A

Igneous Rocks

96
Q

form when magma solidifies inside the volcano.

A

Intrusive Igneous Rocks

97
Q

form when lava solidifies outside the volcano.

A

Extrusive Igrneous Rocks

98
Q

Formed below the surface of the earth

A

Metamorphic Rocks

99
Q

Formed below the surface of the earth

A

Metamorphic Rocks

100
Q

These rocks were formed due to changes in pressure & temperature

A

Metamorphic Rocks

101
Q

200 – 800 degree Celsius

A

Metamorphic Rocks

102
Q

Have layers or banded appearance

A

Foliated

103
Q

Do not have layer or banded appearance.

A

Non-Foliated

104
Q

Even distribution of pressure

A

Foliated

105
Q

Uneven distribution of pressure

A

Non-Foliated

106
Q

These rocks formed near the surface of the Earth.

A

Sedimentary Rocks

107
Q

Common sediments feature fossils

A

Sedimentary Rocks

108
Q

Formed by means of pressure

A

Sedimentary Rocks

109
Q

process in forming sedimentary rocks

A

Weathering of Sediments >Erosion >Deposition >Compaction >Cementation

110
Q

sedimentary rocks made up of pieces of other rocks.

A

Clastic

111
Q

formed from organic processes that involve living organisms producing the sediments.

A

Biochemical

112
Q

formed when minerals begin to precipitate out of the solution and deposit at the base of a water body.

A

Chemical

113
Q

is a sequential process of information gathering that assesses the mineral potential of a given area.

A

MINERAL EXPLORATION

114
Q

is a way to do mineral exploration. It uses a high-speed rotating drill and the open end bit cuts a core of sample and allows it to be retrieved for logging and analysis.

A

CORE DRILLING

115
Q

is a natural aggregation of one or more minerals that can be mined, processed, and sold at a profit.

A

MINERAL ORE

116
Q

is utilized to extract ore minerals which are close to Earth’s surface.

A

SURFACE MINING

117
Q

Types of surface mining

A

open-pit mining, quarrying, placer mining, and strip mining.

118
Q

an excavation or cut made at the surface
of the ground for the purpose of extracting
ore and which is open to the surface for the duration of the mine’s life.

A

OPEN PIT MINING

119
Q

is the process of removing rock, gravel, or other minerals for construction purposes.

A

QUARRYING

120
Q

ancient method of using water to excavate, transport, concentrate, and recover heavy minerals from alluvial

A

PLACER MINING

121
Q

a method obtaining substances such as coal from ground that involves the top layer of soil instead of digging deep holes underground.

A

STRIP MINING

122
Q

utilized to extract ore minerals from the ore body that is deep under the Earth’s surface.

A

UNDERGROUND MINING

123
Q

TYPES OF MILLING PROCESSES

A

Magnetic Separation
Flotation
Cyanide Heap Leaching

124
Q

if the metal or mineral is magnetic, the crushed ore is separated from the waste materials using a powerful magnet.

A

MAGNETIC SEPARATION

125
Q

one of the commonest methods of extracting valuable minerals from ores.

A

FLOTATION

126
Q

The powdered ore is placed in foamy mixture and metal (based on its properties), may either sink or stick to the bubbles and rise separating from the waste.

A

FLOTATION

127
Q

used in low-grade gold ores

A

CYANIDE HEAP LEACHING

128
Q

crushed ores are sprayed with cyanide solution, and as the solution goes down through the ores, the gold is dissolved into the solution. The solution is further processed to extract the gold.

A

CYANIDE HEAP LEACHING

129
Q

comes from sources that will run out or will not be replenished in our lifetimes – or even in many, many lifetimes.

A

NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY

130
Q

is another fossil fuel that is trapped underground in reservoirs. It is mostly made up of methane, which smells like rotten eggs

A

NATURAL GAS

131
Q

These energy sources renew, or replenish themselves.

A

RENEWABLE ENERGY

132
Q

is the heat derived from the Earth’s surface to generate clean, renewable energy.

A

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

133
Q

an energy made by flowing water.

A

HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY

134
Q

it is any material that comes from plants of microorganisms that were recently living.

A

BIOMASS/ BIOFUEL ENERGY

135
Q

Oldest type of geothermal power plant

A

DRY STEAM GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT

136
Q

They draw the steam directly through a turbine.

A

DRY STEAM GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANt

137
Q

Steam is obtained by drilling between seven to ten thousand feet deep into the Earth’s crust.

A

DRY STEAM GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT

138
Q

Extremely hot water is rapidly depressurized or “flashed” into steam.

A

FLASH STEAM GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT

139
Q

is used when the water in a reservoir is not hot enough to transform into steam.

A

BINARY GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT

140
Q

It heats a second liquid, ISOBUTANE, in a closed second loop. The isobutene boils at a lower temperature, and its steam runs the turbine.

A

BINARY GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT

141
Q

Electricity produced by movement of water.

A

Hydroelectric Energy

142
Q

The water travels through a large pipe, called penstock.The force of the water spins a turbine which is connected to a generator.
-Inside the generator, the shaft spins coils of copper wire inside a ring of magnets. This creates an electric filed, producing electricity. Water flows out of the turbine into downstream river

A

steps in hydrolytic powerplant

143
Q

remains of plants and animals decayed and built up in thick layers, sometimes mixed with sand and rock.

A

NATURAL GAS AND NATURAL OIL-

144
Q

is a combustible black or brownish-black organic rock formed from ancient vegetation

A

COAL

145
Q

renewable energy source from living or recently living plant and animal materials which can be used as fuel

A

Biomass/Biofuel

146
Q

is an international treaty which extends the 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change that commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the scientific concensus that globally arming is occurring and it is extremely likely that human-made CO2 emissions have predominantly caused it. This was adopted in Kyoto, Japan on December 11, 1997.

A

KYOTO PROTOCOL

Reviewer 1st Quarter (3 decks)

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