gen

Question 1

defintion

Answer 1

refers to misrepresnation in attitudes and beliefs based on prejudice or pre existing ideas concerning gender #
eg women more nurturing then men

Question 2

alpha bias

Answer 2

refers to theories which exaggerate differences beteern mean and women
may enhance or undervalue memebrs of either sex, typically undervalueing females

Question 3

beta bias

Answer 3

refers to theories which ignore or minimse sex difefrences
often assume findings from males can aply equally to females
issue when all ppts are males

Question 4

example of alpha bias

Answer 4

evolutionery explanations
evoliton expalns why humans have a need to surive and therefore reproduce
provides explanation of how females are males are innately difefrent to help their adpation to their role, aid surival of their offspring
e.g men are more dominat, women, women have more emphary and parental investment to aid the surival of their offsrping

Question 5

example of beta bias

Answer 5

asch
resaerch into conformit involved an all male sample and thus demonstrated beta bias
assumed that females would repond int he same way as males and therefore show the same rates of conformity
however, recent replications by Mori and ARai showed gender differnces in confomrity rates and therefore demonstrates beta bias
his research ignores gender differnces through the assumptiont hat females would behave the same

Question 6

strength-female psycholgoics have proposed how gender bias can be avodied

Answer 6

worrell and renner created a criteriea that researchers should foolwo in order to avoid gender bias in research
suggest that women shouw be studied within meanigful real life contects and particpate in research instead of being obejcts of study

Question 7

limitation-probelms in pscyholgoical research

Answer 7

gender bias research may create misleading assumptions about female behaviour and validate discrimantory practices
may provide a scienfitic justifaction o deny women opportunities within the work place or wider society

Question 8

limiation-probems in reserch process

Answer 8

females remain underpresprseted in uni departments partuclur science
psychology undergraduate intake is mainly females
lecturesare mainly males
means research is more liekly to be conducted by men
e.g male researcher may assume women cant compeke complex tasks, assumptions are likely to make women underperfrom in studies

Question 9

culture bias

Answer 9

tendancy to ignore cultual differcnes and interpret all pehneoma through teh lends of ownes own culture

Question 10

etic construct

Answer 10

looks at behaviorus from outside of a gievn culture attemtps to descibe behaviour which is universal

Question 11

emic construct

Answer 11

looks at behaviours from within/inside a given culture and identifyes behaviours which are specific to that culture

Question 12

ethnocentrism

Answer 12

judging other cultures by teh standards and values of owns own culture

exmaple-aisnowrth SS
only reflects normas and values of american culture
ainsowth suggested that secure attachment was demonstrated by the infant shadowing moderate amoutns of distress when left alone by mother figure

ss had been descibed as an imposed etic, a technique therory in one culture and then imposed on another

Question 13

cultrual relativism

Answer 13

idea that norms and values can only be meaniful and undertsood within specifc social and cultural contects

exmaple-sterberg
sugegsts rhat corrdiantion skills that may be essential to life in pre-literate society i.e tribes may be mostly irrelevent to a intelligent more develoed society

therefore, nly way to undertand omtelligenc is by taking the cultural contexts into account

Question 14

strength-cross cultural resaech challenges western assumptions

Question 15

nature

Answer 15

view that behaviour is a product of innate 9BIOLOGICAL AND GENETIC) factirs

Question 16

nurture

Answer 16

view that behaviour is a product of enviroemntal infleunecs

Question 17

exmaple of nature

Answer 17

bowbly proposed that children come into the world biologically programmed to form attachments
this will enbale them to survive
sugegst attahcment behaviours are naturally selcted and passed on as a result of genetic inheritence
theory is supported by animal research e.g lorenz and harlow

Question 18

exmaple of nurture

Answer 18

beahviorus explain atatchment in terms of cllassical conditioning
here food 9UCS) is associeted witht eh mother 9NS0 and through many repeated pairigns the mother becomes a cs who prompts cr inncjild

Question 19

measurign nature and nurture

Answer 19

general figure for herability in IQ is 0.5

means half od it is from genetics, other half is more enviroment aroudn us

Question 20

diathesis stress model

Answer 20

suggests behaviour is casued by biolgoical or envireomtnal vulnerability
which is only expressed when coupled with a biological or enviroemtnal trigger 9stressor0

Question 21

epigentics

Answer 21

change in our genetic acitvity without chnaging the genes themselves

Question 22

defintion of debate fre will and etmerinsm

Answer 22

the extent to which our behaviour is the result of foreces over which we have no control or people are able to decide for themselevs whether to act or behave in a certain way

Question 23

free will

Answer 23

idea thathumans play an active role and can choose in how we behave