GE Words Flashcards
agarose gel
a gel matrix used for gel electropheresis
annealing
in PCR, –50*c allows the primers to bind to the complementary DNA strand, and it allows the hydrogen bonds to reform.
blunt end
the end of a DNA fragment that is created by a restriction enzymes that cuts DNA at the same position on both strands
denature
to permanently change the molecular structure of a protein of DNA(PCR- Hydrogen Bonds)
DNA ligase
a enzyme that forms a phosphodiester bond between the 5’ phosphate and the 3’ hydroxl joining the fragments together
DNA polymerase
an enzymes that uses free nucleotides to create a complementary strand of DNA
DNA sequencing
the process of establishing the nucleotide sequence of a piece of DNA
Gel Electrophoresis
a genetic engineering technique that is used to separate DNA by size of fragments
Gene cloning
the process of using plasmids and bacteria to make numerous identical copies of a gene
GMO’s
are organisms whose DNA has been changed through modern
biotechnological techniques.
knockout organism
cutting out of genes or gene segments to prevent expression or proper function of a particular genes products.
knock-in organism
Insertion of a gene into a specific locus so that they are controlled by a particular promoter in the organism genome(GFP)
Trangenic organism
inserting DNA from one organism into the genome of another unrelated organism in a non specific locus
Polymerase chain reaction-PCR
DNA amplification where the identical copies of gene are remade
Denaturation
first part of PCR where the DNA is heated to 95*c to separate the double DNA fragment into individual strands by breaking the hydrogen bonds
Extension
last part of PCR where DNA polymerase is used to create a new strand to the template DNA from 5’ to 3’
restriction enzymes
an endonuclease that are like “molecular scissors” that cut DNA molecule into smaller restriction fragments. some with sticky ends and others with blunt ends.
Plasmids
A plasmid is a circular piece of DNA that is found in bacteria and which reproduces independently of the bacteria chromosome. Vectors
Recombinant plasmid
plasmid that contains the source gene within its own DNA sequence
molecular size markers
set pieces of DNA of known length that is used to estimate the size of other DNA fragments in a gel
DNA sequencing
determining the exact nucleotide sequence of a gene
Transformation
Process where plasmids are induced into bacteria through a range of competency processes
Origin of replication
the site at which the bacterial DNA replication machinery starts DNA replication of the plasmid
so many copies are made in the bacterial cell.
Promoter
The promoter contains sequences that are
recognised by RNA polymerase and associated regulator proteins (aka transcription factors) to induce gene
expression (to ‘switch the gene on’) by initiating transcription.
