GE 4 - Contemporary Flashcards
1
Q
What is globalization?;
A
Globalization is the interaction of people, states, or countries through the growth of the international flow of money, ideas, and culture.
2
Q
What are the basic features of globalization?
A
Social networks and activities overcome traditional boundaries, intensification of interconnectedness
3
Q
What does Anthony Giddens define globalization as?
A
The intensification of worldwide social relations linking distant localitieswhere local happenings are shaped by faraway events.
4
Q
How does Roland Robertson describe globalization?
A
As the compression of the world and the intensification of consciousness of the world as a whole.
5
Q
What is Manfred Steger’s view on globalization?
A
A multidimensional set of social processes that create and intensify worldwide social interdependencies and exchanges.
6
Q
What are the four basic aspects of globalization identified by the IMF?
A
Trade and Transactions, Capital and Investment
7
Q
How has globalization affected trade barriers?
A
Countries have opened their economies and removed trade barriers such as tariffs to allow imported goods.
8
Q
What opportunities has globalization created for individuals?
A
Increased interest in travel learning new languages
9
Q
What is globalism?
A
A belief that global integration of economic markets is beneficial for everyone spreading freedom and democracy.
10
Q
What modern innovation allows countries to cooperate politically and economically?
A
Advancements in science and technology.
11
Q
What are some indicators of globalization?;
A
Interdependence of countries environmental issues
12
Q
What role does transportation play in globalization?
A
It allows for quick movement from one place to another.
13
Q
How has digital media impacted globalization?
A
It makes goods and services accessible almost everywhere.
14
Q
What is one reason companies expand to other countries?
A
To access new markets and resources.
15
Q
What is a significant advantage of globalization?
A
Free trade and open economies.
16
Q
What is a major disadvantage of globalization?;
A
Wealth inequality between rich and poor.
17
Q
What do anti-globalization advocates argue?;
A
- They want globalization to end
- Globalization only favors the first world
countries over third-world countries - It favors corporations over the needs of the
citizens and communities - Profit-seeking rather than sustainable
development
18
Q
What is the definition of the global economy?
A
Concerned with transnational trade and the opening of markets
19
Q
What are the types of economic globalization?;
A
- Globalization of production
- Globalization of Finance and Market
- Globalization of Technology
- Existence of organizations, regimes, and
institutions - Multinational corporations and labor
20
Q
What is market integration?
A
The prices of the same products in different locations follow a similar pattern over a long period of time.
21
Q
What happens to prices of the same products in different locations when they increase or decrease?
A
They often move proportionally.
22
Q
Who noted that globalization began with continuous exchange of products between populated continents?;
A
Dennis O. Flynn and Arturo Giraldez.
23
Q
What economic practice sought to increase a nation’s power through restrictive trade in the 16th to 18th century?
A
Mercantilism.
24
Q
What significant change occurred in the 1860s regarding trade?
A
Prohibited trade isolationism and developed a common basis for currency prices.
25
What major global event occurred during the 1920s to 1930s?
The Great Depression.
26
What was established at the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944?
A global economic system to prevent financial crashes and encourage free trade.
27
What are some institutions established under the Bretton Woods system?;
International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank, WTO
28
What triggered the International Debt Crisis in 1982?
The quadrupling of oil prices by OPEC and subsequent loans taken by developing countries.
29
What measures were taken to help developing countries struggling with debt?
Debt Forgiveness and Debt Payment Rescheduling
30
What is the Washington Consensus?;
A 10-point policy concerning free market ideas supported by the IMF, World Bank, EU,
and the US
31
Who coined the term 'Washington Consensus' and when?
John Williamson in 1989.
32
What was a key recommendation of the Washington Consensus regarding government expenses?
Government expenses should be kept at a minimum.
33
What significant event started the East Asian Economic Crisis?
The crisis started in Thailand in July 1997.
34
What caused the Thai Baht to be unpegged from the US dollar?
Thailand lacked reserves to back up their currency.
35
What was a major factor in the 2007-2009 Economic Recession?
The US government failed to control and regulate bad and risky housing investments.
36
What assumption did banks make regarding housing loans before the recession?
Banks assumed borrowers would not default and could reclaim houses for resale.
37
Who developed the world-systems theory?
Immanuel Wallerstein.
38
How does Wallerstein categorize countries in his world-systems theory?;
Core
Semi-periphery
Periphery
External
39
What characterizes Core countries in Wallerstein's model?;
They are powerful, wealthy, and independent
countries
Financially dominant and highly industrialized (military)
40
What is the goal of Semi-periphery countries according to Wallerstein?
To become a core country (industrialized).
41
What defines Periphery countries in Wallerstein's analysis?
They are dependent on other countries economically and militarily with the least diverse economy.
42
What are International Financial Institutions (IFI)?
Organizations created by one or more countries subject to international law with stakeholders being national governments.
43
Name a notable International Financial Institution.;
International Monetary Fund (IMF).
44
What is the role of international organizations in political globalization?
They enable diplomatic interactions between independent states.
45
What is the definition of a state?
A community of persons permanently occupying a territory having a government to which inhabitants render obedience and enjoying freedom from external
control.
46
What are the elements of a state?;
People and territory, Government, Sovereignty
47
How does economic globalization affect states?
It is beneficial for states but can also perpetuate global poverty.
48
What is the concept of the nation-state?;
A relatively new organization of people based on identities such as tribes, culture, or religion
49
Can a single nation exist across multiple states?
Yes, for example, North and South Korea
50
What is an example of a state that has multiple nations?
The United Kingdom which includes Scotland, Northern Ireland, England, and Wales
51
What are the four domains of the state as described in the text?
Terrestrial, fluvial, maritime, and aerial
52
What does the term 'government' refer to?
The agency through which the will of the state is formulated, expressed and carried out
53
What is sovereignty?
The supreme power of the state to command and enforce obedience to its will from people within its jurisdiction and to have freedom from foreign control.
54
What are the two types of sovereignty mentioned?
Internal sovereignty (power to rule within territory) and external sovereignty (freedom from foreign control).
55
What historical event marked the beginning of the contemporary international system?
The Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 which ended the Thirty Years' War.
56
What were the results of the Peace of Westphalia?;
Sovereignty, national armies, core groups (Austria, Russia, Prussia, England, France, and the United Provinces)
57
What concept did legitimacy derive from during the European revolutions?
The monarch derives legitimacy from the governed.
58
What was a significant outcome of the Napoleonic Wars?
The Congress of Vienna which aimed to establish relative peace in the international political system.
59
What led to the relative peace in the European system after the Napoleonic Wars?;
The Concert of Europe and changes brought by industrialization
60
What were the alliances involved in World War I?
The Triple Alliance (GermanyAustria-Hungary, Italy)
61
What event triggered the start of World War I?
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo.
62
What was the Treaty of Versailles?
A treaty that ended World War I and imposed reparations on Germany.
63
Who first advocated for the League of Nations?
Woodrow Wilson President of the United States.
64
What was the main purpose of the League of Nations?
To promote international cooperation and achieve international peace and security.
65
Why did the League of Nations fail?
The United States did not join and some countries remained under colonial rule.
66
What were the Axis powers in World War II?;
Germany, Italy, Japan
67
What was the significance of the Geneva Conventions of 1948 and 1949?
They criminalized abuses against non-combatants and established International Humanitarian Law.
68
What was the main conflict during the Cold War?
The emergence of two superpowers: the US and the Soviet Union representing capitalism vs. socialism.
69
What was Jeremy Bentham's contribution to international relations?
He coined the term 'international' and proposed the creation of 'international law' to govern inter-state relations.
70
What are human rights?;
Rights that we have because we exist as human beings not granted by the state.
71
What legal document protects Human Rights?
The UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR).
72
What are the characteristics of Human Rights?
Universal and inalienable, indivisible and independent, Equal and non-discriminatory (Both rights and obligations (respect, protect, fulfill)
73
What is International Humanitarian Law (IHL)?
A set of rules that seeks to limit the effects of armed conflict for humanitarian reasons.
74
What does IHL protect?
Persons who are or are no longer directly or actively participating in hostilities, and
imposes limits on the means and methods of
warfare.
75
What is the First Geneva Convention?
It protects wounded and sick soldiers on land during war.
76
What does the Fourth Geneva Convention afford?
They must not kill or wound enemies who surrender
77
What must parties to conflict do during hostilities according to IHL?
They must not kill or wound enemies who surrender, collect and care for the wounded
78
What is global governance?
A system where states follow some global rules facilitated by international organizations without a global government.
79
What are the goals of global governance?
To provide public goods peace and security
80
What is the definition of a refugee according to international organizations?
A person who owing to well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race
81
What power do international organizations have regarding classification?
They can invent and apply categories creating powerful global standards.
82
How do international organizations fix meanings?
They are seen as legitimate sources of information and can change and establish meanings and definitions.
83
What is one way international organizations diffuse norms?
By spreading and promoting important global standards such as human rights and environmental conservation.
84
When was the United Nations created?
In 1945 after World War II.
85
How many member states does the United Nations currently have?
193 member states.
86
What is the main goal of the United Nations?
To prevent future wars and maintain international peace and security.
87
What are the principal organs of the United Nations?
Secretariat, Security Council
88
What is the term length for the Secretary-General of the United Nations?
A 5-year renewable term.
89
Who elects the Secretary-General of the United Nations?
The General Assembly and the Security Council.
90
What is the composition of the Security Council?
15 members including 10 non-permanent and 5 permanent members.
91
Which countries are the permanent members of the Security Council?
United States, China, rance, Russia, and the United Kingdom
92
What power do the permanent members of the Security Council hold?
Veto power.
93
What is the composition of the General Assembly?
Composed of 193 member states.
94
How long is the term for the President of the General Assembly?
One year.
95
What is the main function of the Economic and Social Council?
To coordinate policy review and recommendations on economic environmental
96
How many members does the Economic and Social Council have?
54 members elected for 3 years.
97
What was the main purpose of the Trusteeship Council?.
To provide international supervision for Trust Territories and prepare them for self-independence
98
When was the Trusteeship Council suspended?
November 1, 1994
99
What is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations?
The International Court of Justice.
100
What is the main function of the International Court of Justice?
To settle legal disputes submitted by states and provide advice on legal questions.
101
What does the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) principle focus on?
The responsibility of all states to protect people at risk.
102
What event prompted the development of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) principle?
The failure of the UN to intervene in the Rwandan Genocide.
103
What are the three pillars of responsibility under R2P?
1. Every state has the responsibility to protect its populations from mass atrocity crimes.
104
What are the four main crimes that R2P seeks to respond to?
Genocide war crimes
105
What is the responsibility of the wider international community under Pillar Two of R2P?
To encourage and assist individual states in meeting their responsibility.
106
What must the international community do if a state is failing to protect its population?
Take appropriate collective action in a timely and decisive manner in accordance with the UN Charter.
107
What constitutes genocide?
Acts committed with intent to destroy in whole or in part
108
What are war crimes?
Acts that take place in armed conflict either international or non-international
109
How are crimes against humanity defined?
Acts committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against any civilian population as defined in the Rome Statute of the ICC.
110
What is ethnic cleansing?
A purposeful policy designed by one ethnic or religious group to remove by violent means
111
What are the criteria for justifying military force under R2P?
Seriousness of harm proper purpose
112
What are the three elements of R2P?
Responsibility to prevent responsibility to react
113
What is a challenge in implementing R2P?
Ensuring that all parts of the world understand the concept of R2P its scope
114
What is the assurance provided by governments and intergovernmental organizations?
They have the capacity to provide assistance.
115
What commitment is expected from political bodies like governments and the Security Council?
To commit to providing assistance and support.
116
What is the study of geography focused on?
The relationships between people and their environment.
117
Why is geography important in understanding global differences?
It helps to understand physical and cultural aspects as well as regional
118
What characterizes the First World in the Third World Model?
Countries allied with the U.S.A. following capitalism
119
What defines the Second World in the Third World Model?
Countries that cooperated with the Soviet Union and practiced socialism or communism.
120
What is the Third World in the context of the Third World Model?
Countries that were not allied to either the United States or the Soviet Union.
121
What does the Brandt Line represent?
An imaginary line that sets the boundary between countries based on income levels and socio-economic characteristics.
122
What are the characteristics of the Global North?
High levels of income and technological advancement
123
What defines the Global South?
Low levels of income and structural and political problems.
124
How is income level and growth determined?
Based on GDP (Gross Domestic Product) and GNI (Gross National Income) of a country.
125
What does GDP measure?
The total monetary or market value of all finished goods and services produced within a country’s borders in a specific time period.
126
What does GNI measure?
Income earned, including income from investments
127
What classification does the World Bank use for lower-income countries?
Countries with a per capita income of $1025 or less.
128
What is the income range for lower-middle income countries according to the World Bank?
$1026 - $4
129
What is the income range for upper middle-income countries (UMCs)?
$4036 - $12
130
What defines high-income countries?
$12476 or more.
131
What are some factors leading to low income levels in the Global South?
Lack of mastery and competence technology
132
How does the Global North contribute to innovation?
Leaders of technological innovation creating new technology
133
What challenges does the Global South face in education?
Difficulty in school access low comprehension levels
134
What social problems are prevalent in the Global North?
Low birth rate, aging population
135
What are some social issues faced by the Global South?
High disease rates poverty
136
What is meant by investment in human capital?
Skills values
137
Which regions are mentioned in the context of economic disparities?
Northern Asia Central Asia
138
What is regionalism?
A political process characterized by cooperation and coordination among countries to form economic policies.
139
What is the main purpose of regionalism?
To foster economic growth through reducing trade barriers.
140
What type of administration does regionalism emphasize?
Regional administration rather than central administration.
141
What is regionalization?
A process of dividing areas into smaller segments called regions.
142
What are some reasons countries form regional associations?
1. Military defense 2. Expand resources and market 3. Protect independence from global powers 4. Response to economic crises.
143
What is Asian regionalism a product of?
Economic interaction between Asian countries.
144
How have Asian economies changed in relation to each other?
They have grown closer together and leaned toward economic integration.
145
What is ASEAN?
A regional association that promotes economic cooperation among Southeast Asian nations.
