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Exam Midterms > GE 1 > Flashcards

GE 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the term ‘philosophy’ mean?

A

It means ‘loving knowledge’ or ‘loving wisdom’.

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2
Q

Who is Socrates and what is he known for?

A

A Greek philosopher known for his method of inquiry called the ‘Socratic Method’.

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3
Q

What was Socrates’ famous quote regarding knowledge?

A

‘I know that I don’t know.’

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4
Q

What are the three parts of the soul according to Plato?

A

The appetitive (sensual), the rational (reasoning), and the spirited (feeling).

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5
Q

What is Plato’s philosophical method?

A

Collection and division of ideas.

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6
Q

What is St. Augustine’s view on knowledge?

A

‘All knowledge leads to God.’

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7
Q

How did St. Augustine’s ideas relate to Plato’s Theory of Forms?

A

He was deeply influenced by it, viewing the self as an immaterial but rational soul.

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8
Q

What aspects of self/soul does St. Augustine emphasize?

A

Self-awareness, recognition of unity, and holistic awareness.

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9
Q

What is the famous phrase by René Descartes that encapsulates his philosophy?

A

I think, therefore I am.

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10
Q

What does Descartes assert about the senses?

A

Everything perceived by the senses could not be used as proof of existence because human senses could be fooled.

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11
Q

According to Descartes, what is the nature of the ‘self’?

A

The ‘self’ is constant, not prone to change, and not affected by time.

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12
Q

What does John Locke mean by ‘tabula rasa’?

A

The human mind at birth is a blank slate, and knowledge is derived from experience.

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13
Q

How does Locke define the ‘self’?

A

The ‘self’ is identified with consciousness and consists of sameness of consciousness, often interpreted as memory.

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14
Q

What is David Hume’s stance on knowledge?

A

All knowledge is derived from human senses.

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15
Q

What theory did Hume oppose?

A

Rationalism, which posits that reason is the foundation of all knowledge.

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16
Q

What is Hume’s Bundle Theory?

A

The ‘self’ is a bundle or collection of different perceptions that are in perpetual flux.

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17
Q

What are the strongest perceptions according to the text?

A

Impressions.

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18
Q

How does Immanuel Kant define morality?

A

As being achieved only when there is an absence of war due to enlightenment.

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19
Q

What does Kant believe about the structure of human experience?

A

The human mind creates the structure of human experience.

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20
Q

What are the two kinds of consciousness of self according to Kant?

A

Consciousness of oneself and one’s psychological states in inner sense, and consciousness of oneself and one’s states by performing acts of apperception.

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21
Q

What are the two components of the ‘self’ as proposed by Kant?

A

Inner Self and Outer Self.

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22
Q

What is the central concept of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory?

A

The proposed existence of the unconscious.

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23
Q

What are the three levels of consciousness distinguished by Freud?

A

Conscious, Pre-conscious/subconscious, and Unconscious.

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24
Q

What are the three parts of the psyche according to Freud?

A

ID, EGO, and SUPEREGO.

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25
Q

What critique did Gilbert Ryle make against Descartes’ idea?

A

He argued that the distinction between mind and body is a ‘category-mistake’.

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26
Q

What does Paul Churchland assert about the sense of self?

A

That the physical brain, not the imaginary mind, gives us our sense of self.

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27
Q

What is Churchland’s view on the existence of the soul/self?

A

He believes that the immaterial, unchanging soul/self does not exist because it cannot be experienced by the senses.

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28
Q

What does eliminative materialism claim?

A

It claims that people’s common-sense understanding of the mind is flawed.

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29
Q

How does Maurice Merleau-Ponty define the ‘self’?

A

‘Self’ is defined as embodied subjectivity.

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30
Q

In sociology, how is the self viewed?

A

The self is seen as a product of social interactions and structures.

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31
Q

What role do social institutions play in shaping individual identity?

A

Social institutions like education, media, and technology influence the self by imposing demands and norms.

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32
Q

What is meant by the self as a ‘necessary fiction’?

A

The self is defined through societal expectations, roles, and narratives, creating a constructed identity.

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33
Q

What do postmodernists argue about the self?

A

They argue that the self is not singular but fragmented and fluid, with multiple identities based on context.

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34
Q

How can the self be viewed as an artistic creation?

A

The self is seen as an ongoing creative project, shaped by personal choices and experiences.

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35
Q

What is the relationship between self-creation and collective identity?

A

Self-creation is personal but also shaped by collective identity, such as cultural groups and social norms.

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36
Q

What is the significance of cultural recognition in society?

A

Cultural recognition allows for the validation of one’s self-identity.

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37
Q

How does the struggle for recognition relate to broader societal issues?

A

It is tied to issues of power, social justice, and equality.

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38
Q

Who introduced the concept of the Social Self?

A

George Herbert Mead.

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39
Q

What are the three stages of self-development according to Mead?

A

Preparatory Stage, Play Stage, and Game Stage.

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40
Q

What occurs in the Preparatory Stage of self-development?

A

Children imitate others without understanding roles or social expectations.

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41
Q

What is the focus of the Play Stage in Mead’s theory?

A

Children begin to take on specific roles and understand role-playing.

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42
Q

What is the Game Stage in Mead’s theory?

A

Children learn to understand and anticipate the roles of others and internalize society’s expectations.

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43
Q

What concept did Charles Horton Cooley develop?

A

The Looking Glass Self.

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44
Q

How is self-concept shaped according to Cooley?

A

It is shaped through our perception of how others view us.

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45
Q

What are the three stages of the Looking Glass Self process?

A

Imagining how others see us, imagining how they judge us, and developing self-feelings based on these judgments.

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46
Q

What feelings can develop based on perceived judgments from others?

A

Feelings such as pride or shame.

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47
Q

Who developed the Social Comparison Theory?

A

Leon Festinger.

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48
Q

What does Social Comparison Theory suggest?

A

We determine our personal worth by comparing ourselves to others.

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49
Q

What is upward comparison?

A

Comparing ourselves to someone better, which can motivate or lead to dissatisfaction.

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50
Q

What is downward comparison?

A

Comparing ourselves to someone worse off, which can boost self-esteem.

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51
Q

What is the focus of anthropology?

A

The study of what it means to be human, including understanding human evolution and differences.

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52
Q

How does Ewing (1989) describe the self?

A

As illusory, constructed from cultural concepts and personal memories.

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53
Q

What does self-representation mean in anthropology?

A

Culturally shaped self-concepts that one applies to oneself.

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54
Q

How does culture influence relationships?

A

It affects whether relationships are seen as voluntary or duty-based.

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55
Q

How does culture influence personality traits?

A

It shapes the value placed on traits like humility, self-esteem, and assertiveness.

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56
Q

How does culture influence the definition of success?

A

It affects how one values individual and group achievements.

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57
Q

How does culture affect emotional expression?

A

It influences what affects you emotionally and how you express feelings.

58
Q

How are the concepts of ‘self’ and ‘person’ viewed in contemporary anthropology?

A

They are deeply shaped by culture and society, and are fluid rather than fixed or universal.

59
Q

What does the cognitive construction of the self imply?

A

The self is created by our mind based on our experiences and perceptions.

60
Q

What are the two components of William James’ self theory?

A

Me-self (how we view ourselves) and I-self (the part that experiences life and makes decisions).

61
Q

What is the difference between Global Self and Differentiated Self?

A

Global Self is a broad, holistic sense of self, while Differentiated Self recognizes specific roles and traits.

62
Q

What does the Real Self represent?

A

How we see ourselves at the present moment, including our actual traits and behaviors.

63
Q

What is the Ideal Self?

A

Who we aspire to be, encompassing our dreams and goals.

64
Q

What is the concept of Multiple Selves?

A

The idea that we present different ‘selves’ depending on the situation.

65
Q

What does the Unified Self concept suggest?

A

There is a core self that remains consistent across all situations.

66
Q

What is the True Self?

A

The authentic self, how we feel and act when we’re most comfortable and genuine.

67
Q

What is the False Self?

A

A mask we wear, shaped by societal expectations or pressures, to fit in or avoid conflict.

68
Q

Give an example of the True Self.

A

Feeling free to express thoughts and feelings with close friends without fear of judgment.

69
Q

Give an example of the False Self.

A

Acting formally or reserved at a formal event due to expected behavior.

70
Q

What does the concept of the Self as Proactive and Agentic imply?

A

We actively shape our lives rather than being passive observers.

71
Q

What is the Proactive Self?

A

A psychological trait that affects motivation and behavior, believing significant improvements can be made.

72
Q

What is the Agentic Self?

A

The facet of personality influenced by evaluations of activities, aims, and future objectives.

73
Q

What does the term ‘Agent Self’ refer to?

A

The executive function that permits action and oversees decision-making and self-control.

74
Q

What is Human Agency?

A

An active process of investigating, modifying, and influencing surroundings to achieve desired results.

75
Q

What are the core features of human agency according to Bandura?

A

Intentionality, forethought, self-reactiveness, and self-reflectiveness.

76
Q

What is Self-Efficacy?

A

The conviction that one can act in a way that will result in the intended outcome.

77
Q

What is the central concept of Bandura’s theory of social cognition?

A

Self-efficacy, which gauges one’s capacity to accomplish a task.

78
Q

How do individuals with high self-efficacy typically respond to challenges?

A

They are often willing to take on difficulties due to confidence in their abilities.

79
Q

What did Socrates emphasize regarding the self?

A

Self-knowledge and moral/intellectual self-examination.

80
Q

What is René Descartes’ famous assertion about the self?

A

‘Cogito, ergo sum’ (‘I think, therefore I am’), emphasizing rationality and consciousness.

81
Q

What concept did Friedrich Nietzsche introduce regarding the self?

A

The idea of the ‘Übermensch’ and the self as a dynamic, evolving construct.

82
Q

How is the self viewed in Buddhism?

A

As an illusion (anatta or anatman), with no permanent, unchanging self.

83
Q

What does Confucius emphasize in defining the self?

A

The importance of roles, relationships, and ethical behavior.

84
Q

In Daoism, how is the self understood?

A

In terms of alignment with the Dao and interconnectedness with the cosmos.

85
Q

What are the ‘Four Beginnings’ in Confucian philosophy?

A

Innate moral qualities that lead to virtue: Jen (compassion), Yi (righteousness), Li (ritual propriety), and Chih (wisdom).

86
Q

What is the difference between Western and Eastern thought regarding the self?

A

Western philosophy often views the self as a stable entity, while Eastern thought sees it as dynamic and interconnected.

87
Q

How do Eastern philosophies view the self?

A

As a more fluid, relational, or illusory construct.

88
Q

What is the Western perspective on the self in society?

A

The self is seen as an independent agent with intrinsic worth.

89
Q

What is the focus of self-realization in Western thought?

A

Intellectual and moral self-examination or self-assertion.

90
Q

What do Eastern philosophies emphasize regarding the self?

A

The self in relation to others and the larger cosmos.

91
Q

What are the three parts of personality according to Freud?

A

ID, EGO, and SUPEREGO.

92
Q

What are the five stages of psychosexual development according to Freud?

A

Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.

93
Q

What is fixation in Freud’s theory?

A

A defense mechanism where an individual remains locked in an earlier developmental stage due to under- or over-gratification of needs.

94
Q

What are erogenous zones according to Freud?

A

Areas of the body that provide pleasure and influence adult personality based on how conflicts are resolved.

95
Q

What is the oral stage of psychosexual development?

A

The stage between infancy and two years old where pleasure is derived from the mouth.

96
Q

What can result from excessive or insufficient satisfaction during the oral stage?

A

Oral fixation or oral personality traits.

97
Q

What is the erogenous zone during the anal stage of Freud’s psychosexual development?

A

Anus.

98
Q

What age range does the anal stage occur?

A

Between 15 months and three years old.

99
Q

What is a common fixation associated with the anal stage?

A

Preoccupation with neatness, parsimony, order, and organization.

100
Q

What is the erogenous zone during the phallic stage?

A

Genitals.

101
Q

What complex is associated with the phallic stage for boys?

A

Oedipus Complex.

102
Q

What is the age range for the latency stage?

A

Between six years old and puberty.

103
Q

What occurs during the latency stage?

A

The child represses all interest in sexuality and develops social and intellectual skills.

104
Q

What is the final stage of psychosexual development called?

A

Genital stage.

105
Q

What is the erogenous zone during the genital stage?

A

Penis or Vagina.

106
Q

What happens during the genital stage?

A

It is a time of sexual reawakening, with sexual pleasure becoming focused on someone outside the family.

107
Q

What are common erogenous zones mentioned in Freud’s theory?

A

Armpits, lower abdomen, mouth, neck, breasts, buttocks, shoulders, lower back, and genitals.

108
Q

What organs are included in the female reproductive system?

A

Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina.

109
Q

What organs are included in the male reproductive system?

A

Prostate, testes, and penis.

110
Q

What are the four phases of the sexual response cycle?

A

Excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

111
Q

How does the timing of orgasm typically differ between partners?

A

It is unlikely that both partners will reach orgasm at the same time.

112
Q

What does sexuality encompass?

A

Sexual feelings, thoughts, attractions, and behaviors towards others.

113
Q

What is sexualization?

A

The use of sexuality to influence, control, and/or manipulate others.

114
Q

What does intimacy refer to in the context of sexuality?

A

The experience of closeness with another person.

115
Q

What is sensuality?

A

Awareness, acceptance, and enjoyment of one’s own and others’ bodies.

116
Q

What does sexual identity involve?

A

How we perceive ourselves as sexual beings.

117
Q

What is the focus of sexual health and reproduction?

A

Attitudes and behaviors related to sexual and reproductive systems, including health and hygiene.

118
Q

What hormones drive lust?

A

Testosterone and estrogen.

119
Q

Which neurotransmitters create attraction?

A

Dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin.

120
Q

What hormones mediate attachment?

A

Oxytocin and vasopressin.

121
Q

What does sex refer to?

A

A person’s biological characteristics, including internal or external genital organs, hormone levels, or sex chromosomes.

122
Q

What is the gender binary?

A

A classification that refers only to women or men, excluding intersex individuals.

123
Q

What is sexual orientation?

A

The sexual attraction to people of the female sex or gender, male sex or gender, or those whose gender identity falls outside these categories.

124
Q

What defines a homosexual person?

A

A person who is sexually attracted to people of the same sex or gender.

125
Q

What is asexuality?

A

Having little to no sexual attraction to others.

126
Q

What is gender identity?

A

The profound and personal feeling of being male, female, neither, or both.

127
Q

What does it mean to be cisgender?

A

When a person’s gender identity corresponds to the sex assigned at birth.

128
Q

What is gender expression?

A

The way individuals express their gender through actions, behavior, dress, and how these expressions are interpreted by others.

129
Q

How are sexually transmitted infections (STIs) primarily spread?

A

Mainly by sexual contact.

130
Q

What are some symptoms of STIs?

A

Unusual discharge, pain when peeing, lumps or skin growths, rash, unusual vaginal bleeding, itchy genitals, blisters, sores, or warts.

131
Q

What is one method to prevent STIs?

A

Use latex condoms every time you have sex.

132
Q

What are some risks associated with teenage pregnancy for the mother?

A

Poverty, malnutrition, complications of pregnancy, and emotional problems such as depression, drug, and alcohol use.

133
Q

What are the risks for children born to teenage mothers?

A

Greater risk of physical, cognitive, and emotional problems.

134
Q

What is one way to prevent teenage pregnancy?

A

Be clear about your own sexual values and attitudes.

135
Q

Why is it important to supervise and monitor children’s activities?

A

To help prevent teenage pregnancy.

136
Q

What does the physical self refer to?

A

Our body and its attributes, including appearance, health, and physical capabilities.

137
Q

What influences body image?

A

Societal standards and personal experiences.

138
Q

How does physical health impact overall well-being?

A

It affects mental and emotional well-being.

139
Q

What are the components of the physical self?

A

Body image, physical health, and physical abilities.

140
Q

How can one cultivate a positive physical self?

A

Engage in regular exercise, healthy eating, and practice self-care.

141
Q

What role does physical presence play in social interactions?

A

It influences relationships and social situations.

Exam Midterms (8 decks)

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