GE 2 (for 2nd exam) Flashcards
What are the principles of communication?
RELEVANCE
BE POSITIVE
CHOOSE THE BEST MEDIUM
STUDY YOUR AUDIENCE
BE ENTHUSIASTIC
MAINTAIN AN INTENSE FOCUS
An important consideration in sending your message is the value or relevance of your message to your receiver.
RELEVANCE
Formulate your message with an open and positive attitude. It is an accepted rule in physics that an action requires an equal amount of reaction.
BE POSITIVE
An equally important principle in communication is the medium, the means that a speaker or a writer uses, as the channel of communication.
CHOOSE THE BEST MEDIUM
It is a must that a speaker or writer knows the audience or reader. Thus, the speaker or writer should study the socio-economic profile, the interests, and the aspirations of his/her audience/reader; more importantly, what appeals to them. If your audience/ reader is politically inclined, then talk of something related to current political issues.
STUDY YOUR AUDIENCE
is a very important quality of a speaker or writer. It is defined as divine inspiration or frenzy. Simply said enthusiasm is the intensity of feeling, excitement interest, or eagerness.
BE ENTHUSIASTIC
To be effective, a speaker or writer should be fired with intense feelings or be passionate. Webster believes that the sender of the communication should be given to strong feelings, sometimes even romantic and/or sexual.
MAINTAIN AN INTENSE FOCUS
Communication is ___
Culture-bound.
Communication is a reflection of the culture of a ____
of a society or community.
This theory was validated by ________ when he observed that communication is culture and culture is communication.
Edward Hall
is interaction and communication among persons and communities with varied cultural backgrounds.
Intercultural communication
The effect globalization is
is internationalization and interculturalization.
One should be knowledgeable of developments and issues obtaining in countries around the world. We are blessed by information technology to have global television channels and media to search for information from any part of the world, thus one should take advantage of this.
Global Awareness.
To be an effective communicator, we have to know, accept, and respect the culture of our audience/readers.
Cultural Sensitivity.
This quality relates to the capability of a person to adjust to and cope with situations in which differences in cultures and beliefs have been observed.
Cultural Intelligence (CQ) and Competence.
Our success in our relationship with others hinges on our respect for their cultures and beliefs. In other words, respect begets respect. People will respect you if they sense that also respect them. This applies to communication situations. Respect to your audience/reader begets respect to you.
Respect for the Cultures and Beliefs of Others.
The key to a successful relationship is an open and positive attitude towards others. Start a conversation with/by a positive and you will almost certainly get a positive response.
Openness and Positive Attitude towards Others.
Factors that Affect Cross/Multi-cultural Communication
Inability to understand one’s culture, values, and beliefs
Lack of acceptance of the culture of a person/ attitude
Prejudice/bias
Lack of education/limited exposure
Language barrier
The lack of understanding of the culture of the persons involved in the communication process affects the interaction among them.
Inability to understand one’s culture, values, and beliefs
inability to accept the culture of the person you are interacting with, results in poor communication.
Lack of acceptance of the culture of a person/ attitude
Some people tend to think superior of themselves over other cultures, hence have the tendency to pre-judge others and thus, hamper communication.
Prejudice/bias
people who lack education do not have the appropriate information about other cultures, thereby affecting interaction and communication.
Lack of education/limited exposure
inability to speak a common language obviously hampers understanding and communication.
Language barrier
The Webster Third International Dictionary defines ______ as a habitual disposition to judge foreign peoples or groups by the standards and practices of one’s own culture or ethnic group.
Ethnocentrism
It is a belief that one’s own practice is the proper way of life. People from another country tend to judge those coming from other countries, based on their standards, cultural practices, values, and beliefs thus, the tendency to look down upon the culture of other peoples, resulting in inaccurate assumptions.
Ethnocentrism
could be a source of bias or prejudice that may hence affect relationship and communication in an intercultural setting. To illustrate, negative pre-judgment and dislike of food from other countries is an example of ________ For instance, the Indo-Chinese people love to eat raw vegetables, which for Filipinos may be a practice that would not be too welcome.
Ethnocentrism
What are the possible effects of ethnocentrism to intercultural and global communication?
Bias
Prejudice
Discrimination
Loyalty
Miscommunication
Division
Is the inclination, predisposition, or partiality towards something. _____ connotes a favorable impression towards a culture or belief. Thus, the effect of bias in a relationship or communication situation is something positive.
Bias
______ is the opposite of bias.
Prejudice
is defined as an adverse judgment or opinion formed beforehand, without knowledge of the facts.
Prejudice
is the unfair treatment of a person or group as a consequence of an adverse judgment or opinion of a culture.
Discrimination
ethnocentrism can cement loyalty within the same social grouping or people belonging to the same society. For instance, the world football games had strengthened loyalty among the competing countries, since the tendency is for people to support their own team.
Loyalty
communication is affected by either bias or prejudice, positive or negative. Bias for another culture could create a positive impression, thus facilitating better communication. On the other hand, pre-judgment of one culture brought about by prejudice could lead to misunderstanding.
Miscommunication
unity could not be achieved among different cultures under a situation where prejudice abounds. If people have adverse assumptions about foreign peoples or groups, this could adversely affect communication and thus lead to division, or even worse to conflict or at the extreme, war.
Division
The concept of ________ implies that a person’s beliefs and practices should be perceived by others, in the context of his culture.
cultural relativism
This also means not judging the culture of other people who are not the same as yours.
cultural relativism
Happens when a person attempts to appreciate and study about another culture, for one to widen his understanding and relate with others in a cross-cultural setting.
Cultural appreciation
could facilitate cross-cultural understanding and communication.
Cultural appreciation
is taking one component of a practice belonging to another culture and using it for a purpose. For instance, buying an ethnic clothing from the natives of the Mountain Province and using it to make someone look fashionable, without knowing the appropriate occasion and its meaning when this clothing is used, may be offensive to the ethnic group.
Cultural appropriation
Greetings all over the world
They have different meanings across the world.
for example, one of the Filipinos’ customs is the mano, which is a traditional and customary practice of showing respect to their elders. This is done by the younger member of the family to reach for the elder’s hand and place it one one’s bowed forehead. This is a sign of humility and respect as well as a form of acknowledgment of someone’s age and position in the family.
In Philippines
What place were they greet each other with a bow?
In Japan
men greet each pressing other by their noses together. They do this with eye contact to prove and show their sincerity and full respect.
In Oman
usually stretch out their hands and touch the other person’s fingertips and then bring their hands to their hearts. It symbolizes that they’re greeting you from their hearts.
Malays
stick their tongue out to greet people. They also press their hands together and place them in front of their chest to show that they “come in peace”. They started doing this to prove that they were not the reincarnation of a cruel king from the 9th century that had a black tongue.
Tibetan monks
Communication competence is one factor in the success of an individual, including success in business.
Communication competence is one factor in the success of an individual, including success in business.
Because of globalization, _____ has become in vogue, thus has accelerated the flow of communication in exponential terms. Around ten or so years ago, one has to make an overseas call to communicate with a friend or relative in a foreign country. Nowadays, through the use of the internet and modern gadgets, communicating to any part of the world has become as easy as the click of a finger.
virtual communication
The channel of communication has become doubly efficient brought about by the availability of service providers offering internet, cable TV and mobile telephone facilities.
Information Highway
The speed and efficiency of communication entails new approaches to transact business around the globe. Traveling to another country to transact business could be forgone, in lieu of internet facilities and mobile services, a number of them for free.
Business Transactions
is defined as the appropriateness of the level and style of speaking and writing. It guides a speaker or writer in the use of vocabulary, structure, and grammar.
Language register
At least three language registers have been identified as the most common ones:
FORMAL
INFORMAL
NEUTRAL
the _______resgister is the style of writing or speaking for an unfamiliar audience/readers or for your superiors in an office.
formal register
the ______ register, otherwise called casual or intimate is recommended when writing/speaking to friends and familiar persons.
informal register
this register is the more objective, impersonal, and factual type of writing or speaking.
neutral register
Is the type of speaking/writing appropriate for formal speeches, articles, studies, technical reports, announcements, business letters, and emails for business purposes
Formal register
the undersigned, instead of “I”, the reporter, instead of he/she.
Use the third-person
use would not, instead of won’t, cannot instead of can’t. However, note that apostrophes are used to show possession, as in Anna’s law office. On the other hand, an apostrophe can be used to indicate a plural symbol or numbers, e.g. BMW’s, 7’s, etc.
Avoid contractions
sixteen, eight, ninety-five, etc.
Spell out numbers below one hundred
examples of slang are: “cool” for very good or “dough” for money.
Use formal words rather than slang and clichés
you have to spell it out first and put the acronym in parentheses, e.g. non-government organization (NGO), thereafter you may use the acronym in other parts of your paragraph.
Acronyms may be used in formal speaking and writing,
avoid the use of phrases and clauses, in lieu of a complete sentence.
Use complete sentences in your write-up/speech
Use “A singer entertained the guests” instead of “The guests were entertained by a singer.”
The use of active rather than passive sentences is preferred.
would help make your write-up/speech shorter and easier to understand.
Simple sentences rather than compound and complex sentences,
________ to indicate transitions or imply continuity or cause and effect relationship in the ideas of your sentences.
Use conjunctions
Conjunctions such as however, nevertheless, similarly, on the other hand could help relate or show contrast in the ideas in your sentences.
true
is used for informal and friendly letters/speeches for your acquaintances, friends, and family members, thus written in an informal style.
Informal language register
This is the type of writing you adopt for short messaging system (text messages) friendly letters, personal e-mails, diaries, journals, and blogs. Informal writing is the opposite of formal letters, hence, does not require formal and strict rules to follow. Here you may use figures of speech, personal pronouns, symbols, acronyms, slang, and even incomplete sentences, phrases, and clauses.
Informal language register
is neither formal nor informal, thus applicable for non-emotional and factual themes. This style of writing/speaking is usually seen in articles, technical reports, and magazine reviews.
neutral language register
There are at least three main varieties of English
British English, American English, and Australian English.
Have you eaten all those Happybee fried chicken?
British English:
Did you eat all those Happybee fried
American English
Have you ever watched the TV series, Ang Probinsyano?
British English
Did you ever watch the TV series, Ang Probinsyano?
American English
I’ll upload these pictures in my Facebook, will I?
British English
I’ll upload these pictures in my Facebook right?
American English
(AmE)
American English (AmE)
(BrE)
British English
Critical evaluation, one of the levels of comprehension advanced by Benjamin Bloom requires a thorough analysis and critical look at information, messages, and images that we get from or use for reading materials, lectures or presentations, for one to obtain or use accurate information.
Evaluating Messages and/or Images
Since media messages are developed, they could be altered or disintegrated. Lately, many fake news and altered media materials misled people into accepting and believing them. Thus, media messages and images should be evaluated to ensure their validity, reliability and appropriateness.
Evaluating Images
The following questions can be used in evaluating messages and/or images:
- What is the message?
- What is the purpose of the message?
- How is the message conveyed by the text and/or image?
- Who is the target audience of the message?
- What is the effect of the message being conveyed in this manner to the receiver?
includes aspects such as vocabulary, generic structure of both oral and written language;
Linguistic
A text may be ________ l if there is a combination of two or more semiotic systems. The following are the 5 semiotic systems (Anstey, Michele & Bull, Geoff. 4 June 2010):
multimoda text
includes aspects such as colors, vectors, and still and moving images.
Visual
includes aspects such as volume, pitch, and rhythm of music and sound effects
Audio
includes aspects such as movements, speed, and stillness in facial expression and body movement.
Gestural
includes aspects such as proximity, direction, and position. of layout, and organization of objects in space.
Spatial
is a collection of pictures, charts, and graphs that gives an understanding of a topic’s overview. It is used because a human’s brain recognizes visual patterns faster than reading texts.
Multimodel Text in Infographic
