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GCSE Physics > GCSE-Unit1 > Flashcards

GCSE-Unit1 Flashcards

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1
Q

The amount of material in an object is called its …?

A

Mass

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2
Q

Weight is a downward …?

A

FORCE

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3
Q

Weight = mass x …??

A

Gravity Strength (g)

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4
Q

Alpha Decay Equation for Uranium-238

A

²³⁸U₉₂ → ²³⁴Th₉₀ + ⁴He₂

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5
Q

What happens to A in any Alpha Decay?

A

A decreases by 4

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6
Q

Alpha Particle Atomic Mass Number

A

4

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7
Q

Equation for the Moment of a Force

A

moment of force = force x perpendicular distance from pivot

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8
Q

Beta particle range in air

A

several metres.

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9
Q

Beta particle ionising power

A

moderately ionising.

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10
Q

Beta particles can be stopped by

A

5mm of Aluminium

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11
Q

half-life of a radioactive isotope is…

A

the time taken for its activity or undecayed mass or number of undecayed nuclei to fall by half

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12
Q

Atomic mass number of a neutron

A

1

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13
Q

Finding acceleration from a velocity time graph

A

acceleration = gradient of line

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14
Q

Finding speed from a distance-time graph

A

speed = gradient

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15
Q

Gamma ray charge

A

Zero

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16
Q

Beta Decay equation for carbon 14

A

¹⁴C₆ —> ¹⁴N₇ + ⁰e₋₁

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17
Q

Gamma Ray Ionising Power

A

Very weak

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18
Q

v-t graph shape for uniformly accelerated motion from rest

A

Straight line through origin

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19
Q

Newton’s First Law of Motion

A

Every object continues in its present state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line unless it is acted upon by external unbalanced forces.

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20
Q

Equation linking initial velocity and final velocity with acceleration

A

v = u + at

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21
Q

How A changes in Gamma Decay

A

no change

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22
Q

How A changes in beta decay

A

no change

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23
Q

A beta particle is a …

A

fast moving electron

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24
Q

Alpha Particles can be stopped by as little as a…?

A

sheet of paper

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25
Q

The centre of gravity of an object is the…

A

point through which all of its weight appears to act.

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26
Q

Alpha Particle Ionising Power

A

Very strongly ionising

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27
Q

Nuclear Fission is the process in which a… ?

A

large nucleus absorbs a neutron, splits into two smaller nuclei, releasing energy and 2 or 3 neutrons

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28
Q

displacement from a velocity time graph

A

displacement = area under graph

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29
Q

The plum-pudding model of the atom pictures…..

A

negative electrons embedded in a sphere of positive charge

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30
Q

Alpha Particle Charge

A

2

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31
Q

Lightest Hydrogen Isotope

A

Protium ¹H₁

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32
Q

Medium mass Hydrogen isotope

A

Deuterium ²H₁

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33
Q

Heaviest Hydrogen isotope

A

Tritium ³H₁

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34
Q

Gamma decay equation for Nickel-60

A

⁶⁰Ni₂₈*→⁶⁰Ni₂₈+γ

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35
Q

Beta Particle Charge

A

-1

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36
Q

Nuclear fission equation for Uranium-235

A

²³⁵U₉₂ + ¹n₀→ ¹⁴²Ba₅₈ + ⁹¹Kr₃₆ +3¹n₀ + Energy

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37
Q

Equation for nuclear fusion of Deuterium and Tritium

A

D + T → ⁴He₂ + ¹n₀ + Energy

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38
Q

Isotopes have the same number of…?

A

protons

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39
Q

Isotopes have different numbers of…?

A

neutrons

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40
Q

The S-t graph for uniformly accelerated motion is a …?

A

curve

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41
Q

As time increases the S-t graph for uniformly accelerated motion becomes…?

A

steeper

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42
Q

Density = …???

A

Mass/Volume

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43
Q

Principle of Moments

A

For any object in equilibrium: total clockwise moment = total anticlockwise moment

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44
Q

The moment of a force is measured in…?

A

Newton metres (Nm)

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45
Q

The separation of molecules in a solid is…?

A

very small

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46
Q

The way molecules in a solid move

A

they vibrate about fixed positions

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47
Q

The separation of molecules in a liquid is…?

A

almost as small as in a solid

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48
Q

The way molecules in a liquid move

A

they move around amongst each other

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49
Q

The separation of molecules in a gas is…?

A

very large

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50
Q

Molecules in a gas move…?

A

independently, rapidly and randomly

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51
Q

The Bohr-Rutherford model of the atom pictures all of its positive charge and most of its mass in the…?

A

nucleus

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52
Q

The Bohr-Rutherford model of the atom pictures the electrons in…?

A

allowed orbits around the nucleus

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53
Q

Alpha particles have a range in air of a few …?

A

cm

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54
Q

The atomic mass number of a proton is …?

A

1

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55
Q

The charge of a proton is…?

A

1

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56
Q

The atomic mass number of an electron is …?

A

0

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57
Q

The charge of an electron is …?

A

-1

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58
Q

The charge of a neutron is…?

A

0

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59
Q

An Alpha particle is a …?

A

Helium nucleus

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60
Q

The atomic mass number of a beta particle is …?

A

0

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61
Q

A Gamma ray is …?

A

an electromagnetic wave

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62
Q

The atomic mass number of a Gamma ray is …?

A

0

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63
Q

The range in air of Gamma radiation is …?

A

extremely large

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64
Q

Gamma radiation is greatly reduced by a …?

A

thick block of Lead or concrete

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65
Q

What happens to Z in any Alpha Decay?

A

Z decreases by 2

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66
Q

How Z changes in Beta decay

A

Z increases by 1

67
Q

How Z changes in Gamma Decay

A

no change

68
Q

After a time of n half-lives the activity of a radioactive source will equal the original value divided by …?

A

2ⁿ

69
Q

Nuclear Fusion is the process in which …?

A

light nuclei join to form a heavier nucleus and release energy

70
Q

Equation for average speed

A

average speed = distance travelled / time taken

71
Q

Equation linking displacement with initial and final velocities and time

A

S = 1/2 (u+v) t

72
Q

Newton’s second law of motion

A

RF = ma

73
Q

The equation linking work or energy (E) with power (P) and time (t)

A

E = Pt

74
Q

The prefix kilo (k) means…

A

thousand

75
Q

The prefix Mega (M) means…

A

million

76
Q

The prefix milli (m) means…

A

thousandth

77
Q

The prefix micro (µ) means…

A

millionth

78
Q

The unit for power

A

Watt (W)

79
Q

The equation connecting corrected activity with measured activity in a radioactivity measurement.

A

corrected activity = measured activity - background activity

80
Q

Form of Newton’s second law of motion involving momentum

A

RF = (mv-mu)/t

81
Q

Units for momentum

A

kgm/s or Ns

82
Q

Equation defining momentum

A

Momentum = mass x velocity

83
Q

Impulse - Momentum equation

A

Change in Momentum = Resultant Force x Time

84
Q

The conservation of momentum in a perfectly inelastic collision can be written as…

A

m₁u₁ +m₂u₂ = (m₁ + m₂) v

85
Q

The conservation of momentum can be expressed as an equation, e.g with two masses as…

A

m₁u₁ + m₂u₂ = m₁v₁ +m₂v₂

86
Q

In circular motion the direction of the velocity is…..

A

at a tangent to the orbit

87
Q

In circular motion the acceleration acts…..

A

towards the centre

88
Q

In circular motion the total force acts…

A

towards the centre

89
Q

The centripetal force needed in circular motion increases if you increase…?

A

mass or velocity

90
Q

The Principle of Conservation of Energy says that energy can …?

A

change form

91
Q

The centripetal force needed in circular motion decreases if you increase…?

A

radius

92
Q

All objects moving freely through the air (ignoring air resistance) have the same…?

A

acceleration

93
Q

The direction of the acceleration due to gravity is always …?

A

vertically downwards

94
Q

On Earth the size of the acceleration due to gravity is always …?

A

10 m/s²

95
Q

Newton’s Third Law of Motion says that if an object A exerts a force on object B, the object B exerts …?

A

an equal and opposite force on object A

96
Q

Defining equation for work done

A

W = Fs

97
Q

equation for percentage efficiency of a device or process

A

percentage efficiency = 100 x useful energy output / energy input

98
Q

Defining equation for kinetic energy

A

KE = 1/2 x mv²

99
Q

Defining equation for gravitational potential energy

A

GPE = mgh

100
Q

The unit for work or energy is the …?

A

Joule (J)

101
Q

The Principle of Conservation of Energy says that energy cannot be …?

A

created or destroyed

102
Q

The unit for mass is the …?

A

kilogram

103
Q

Weight is the force caused by …?

A

gravity

104
Q

The unit for weight is the …?

A

Newton

105
Q

The unit for g is the …???

A

Newton per kilogram (N/kg)

106
Q

The experimental variable that you directly change is called the …?… variable.

A

independent

107
Q

The experimental variable that you expect to change as a result of any change you make in the independent variable is called the …?… variable

A

dependent

108
Q

Any experimental variable that you keep constant during the experiment to prevent it influencing the results is called a …?… variable

A

controlled

109
Q

An experiment that truly tests your hypothesis is …?

A

valid

110
Q

If your results are repeatable and they provide strong evidence for your conclusion then your results are …?

A

reliable

111
Q

For results to be reliable they will need to cover a …?… enough range.

A

wide

112
Q

Increasing the number of results will …?… the reliability

A

increase

113
Q

Repeating measurements will increase their …?

A

reliability

114
Q

Repeated measurements that are clumped around the true value of the variable are …?

A

accurate

115
Q

Repeated measurements that are close to each other are …?

A

precise

116
Q

If the dependent variable is always equal to the independent variable multiplied by some constant then the variables are …??

A

directly proportional

117
Q

If two variables (x and y) are directly proportional then a graph of one plotted against the other will be a …?????

A

straight line through the origin

118
Q

If two variables (x and y) are directly proportional then one divided by the other will always approximately equal a …?

A

constant

119
Q

When repeated measurements are equally spread above and below the true value the uncertainty is …?

A

random

120
Q

When repeated measurements are either all above or all below the true value the uncertainty is …

A

systematic

121
Q

If two variables (x and y) are indirectly proportional then a graph of one plotted against the other will be a …?????

A

1/x type curve in which y decreases as x increases

122
Q

If two variables (x and y) are indirectly proportional then a graph y plotted against 1/x will be a …?????

A

straight line through the origin.

123
Q

If two variables (x and y) are indirectly proportional then a constant will be obtained by… ? …y by x.

A

multiplying

124
Q

If two variables (x and y) are indirectly proportional then the equation connecting them is …

A

y = k/x

125
Q

If two variables (x and y) are directly proportional then the equation connecting them is…

A

y = kx

126
Q

If two variables (x and y) are directly proportional then a constant is obtained by …?… y by x

A

dividing

127
Q

If two variables (x and y) are directly proportional then the constant of proportionality equals the …?… of a graph of y against x.

A

gradient

128
Q

If two variables (x and y) are indirectly proportional then the gradient of a graph of y against 1/x equals…????

A

the constant of proportionality

129
Q

The source of a star’s energy.

A

Nuclear Fusion.

130
Q

Factors making fusion desirable as an energy source.

A
  1. Could produce enough energy to meet world needs.
  2. Fuel (Deuterium and Tritium) plentiful in seawater.
  3. Emits no greenhouse gases.
131
Q

Energy released per kg in nuclear fusion is what multiple of the energy released per kg in chemical reactions like burning oil?

A

4 million

132
Q

Energy released per kg in nuclear fusion is what multiple of the energy released per kg in Nuclear Fission?

A

4

133
Q

Problems with nuclear fusion as an energy source.

A
  1. Difficult to achieve.
  2. Expensive to develop.
134
Q

When at least one neutron released by a fission goes on to cause another fission, it creates a …?

A

chain reaction.

135
Q

Current nuclear power stations rely on nuclear …?

A

fission

136
Q

Safety precautions with radioactive materials.

A
  1. Keep sources in Lead-lined containers.
  2. Minimize the time exposed to the radiation.
  3. Use tongs to keep the source as far away as possible.
  4. Wear protective clothing.
137
Q

Uses of gamma radiation

A
  1. Finding the route of underground pipes
  2. Monitor the thickness of metal sheet during making.
  3. Sterilizing syringes
  4. Checking body organ function using tracer isotope.
  5. Killing bacteria on food, to increase shelf-life.
138
Q

The type of nuclear radiation used in a smoke alarm.

A

Alpha radiation.

139
Q

Sources of background radiation.

A
  1. Radioactive materials in rocks and soil.
  2. Cosmic rays
  3. Medical X-rays
  4. Radioactive waste
  5. Radioactive fallout
140
Q

The kind of nuclear radiation that cannot penetrate the skin from the outside and so damage cells inside the body.

A

Alpha

141
Q

In the Rutherford Alpha-Particle Scattering experiment, what were the alpha particles fired at?

A

Thin sheets of metal foil.

142
Q

In the Rutherford Alpha-Particle Scattering experiment, what was shown by the fact that most Alpha-particles were not deflected?

A

Most of the volume of the atom was empty space.

143
Q

In the Rutherford Alpha-Particle Scattering experiment, what was shown by the fact that there were a few very large deflections, including some straight back along the original path?

A

Most of the atom’s mass and all of its positive charge was concentrated in a tiny volume (the nucleus).

144
Q

The three methods of heat transfer

A

Conduction
Convection
Radiation

145
Q

Solid, liquid and gas in order of increasing ability to conduct heat.

A

Gas (worst)
Liquid
Solid (best)

146
Q

The best kind of solid at conducting heat.

A

Metal

147
Q

The kind of heat transfer that spreads heat through a liquid or a gas.

A

Convection

148
Q

Metals are the best conductors of heat because they have …?

A

free electrons

149
Q

The kind of surface that is a good emitter and absorber of heat radiation.

A

Matt black

150
Q

The kind of surface that is a bad emitter and absorber of heat radiation.

A

Shiny and light-coloured.

151
Q

The amount of energy needed to lift a typical apple through 1m is approximately …?

A

1 Joule

152
Q

A gas is less dense than a solid because its particles are …?

A

further apart

153
Q

Two ways to make an object more stable.

A
  1. Lower its centre of gravity.
  2. Increase the area of its base.
154
Q

What is pressure?

A

It is the force acting per square metre perpendicular to the force.

155
Q

What is the standard unit of pressure?

A

The Pascal (Pa) 1Pa = 1N/square metre

156
Q

The pressure equation

A

P = F/A

157
Q

Hooke’s Law in words

A

The extension of a spring is directly proportional to the applied force provided the limit of proportionality is not exceeded.

158
Q

Equation for Hooke’s Law

A

F = ke

159
Q

What property of a graph of Force against extension for a spring gives you the spring constant?

A

The gradient

160
Q

The weight of a 1kg mass on Earth is …?

A

10N approximately

161
Q

Calculating average velocity

A

average vel. = displacement/time = 1/2(u+v)

162
Q

What does a graph of F against e for a spring look like?

A

It is a STRAIGHT LINE THROUGH THE ORIGIN.

163
Q

How to calculate the total spring length from the extension.

A

Total Length = Unstretched Length + e

GCSE Physics (11 decks)

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