GCSE - Topic 3 - Transport in Animals and Plants - Year 9 Flashcards
Which parts of the body is the circulatory system made up of?
Heart, blood, blood vessels.
What does blood do?
Carries substances around the body.
How many litres of blood is in the circulatory system of an average adult?
5.5 litres.
If a test tube of blood is left to stand for a while what happens to it?
Blood cells sink to the bottom and separate from plasma.
What are the four components that make up blood?
Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.
What does plasma carry?
Carbon dioxide, gluclose, urea, antibodies, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.
What’s the function of a platelet?
Rapidly sticks to a damaged area, releasing chemicals that start a series of reactions.
What’s the function of a red blood cell?
Carries oxygen around the body.
What’s the function of a white blood cell?
Engulfs invading pathogens.
What’s the function of plasma?
Surrounds blood cells and carries them along as it flows through the blood vessels.
What shape is a red blood cell? How does this help?
Flattened, biconcave disc shape: ensures large surface area to volume ratio for efficient gas exchange.
Red blood cells have a large amount of _____: for transporting oxygen.
They have a large amount of haemoglobin.
How is a red blood cell’s cellular structure specialised?
No nucleus or organelles: maximizes space for haemoglobin so more oxygen can be transported.
How is a red blood cell’s size specialised?
Its diameter (6-8 micrometres) is larger than a capillary diameter: slows blood flow to enable diffusion of oxygen.
What is plasma made of?
It’s mostly water and contains other dissolved substances.
When the network of fibrin fibres forms a mesh, what does the mesh do?
Traps blood cells and debris, forming a solid clot of blood.
What is the formation of a blood clot also known as?
Coagulation.
What does coagulation involve?
A complex series of chemical reactions, involving cells and proteins.
What did Charles Drew do?
Developed ways to process and store blood plasma in “blood banks”.
What are the negatives of artificial blood?
- Unpleasant side-effects.
- More expensive than donor blood.
- Does not mix easily with real blood.
What are the positives of artificial blood?
- Can store it for longer than donor blood.
- No risk of disease transmission.
- Can give to patients of any blood type.
- Readily available.
What is the function of the heart?
The function of the heart is to pump blood around the body, oxygenated blood to the respiring tissues, and deoxygenated blood back to the lungs.
What do the cells of the heart require?
The cells of the heart require an oxygenated blood supply and they receive this via the coronary arteries.
Where is your heart located?
In your chest cavity (thorax).
What is the heart mainly made of?
Muscle.
What carries blood to the heart muscle?
Coronary arteries.
Which blood vessels carry blood towards the heart?
Veins.
Which side of the heart contains oxygenated blood?
The left side.
What do the valves in the heart do?
Prevent the backflow of blood.
Do arteries carry oxygenated blood or deoxygenated blood?
Oxygenated blood (usually).
Are arteries high pressure or low pressure?
High pressure.
What are arteries walls like?
Very strong, muscular walls that stretch and flex.
What do capillaries do?
Connect arteries to veins.
How big are capillary walls?
Very thin, only one cell thick.
Are veins high pressure or low pressure?
Low pressure.
Do veins carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?
Deoxygenated blood.
Why do veins have valves?
To ensure one-way blood flow.
Do arteries have valves?
No.
Do veins have valves?
Yes.
What parts of an artery and a vein are similar?
Inner layer, middle layer, outer layer.
What is atherosclerosis?
The buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on your artery walls.
What is the usual cause of CHD?
The build-up of fatty deposits on the walls of the arteries around the heart (coronary arteries). This makes the arteries narrower, restricting the flow of blood to the heart. The blood becomes more likely to clot and blood pressure is raised.
What are the symptoms of CHD?
Angina, heart attacks, fainting, blue lips, breathlessness, lack of oxygen.
What’s a risk factor?
Something which increases the likelihood of getting a disease.
What’s a risk factor of CHD?
Genetic reasons, high fat diet, lack of exercise, diabetes, high blood pressure, smoking.
How does blood go through the circulatory system? (Starting at the body.)
1) body –> 2) inferior/superior vena cava –> 3) right atrium –> 4) tricuspid valve –> 5) right ventricle –> 6) pulmonary arteries –> 7) lungs –> 8) pulmonary veins –> 9) left atrium –> 10) mitral or bicuspid valve –> 11) left ventricle –> 12) aortic valve –> 13) aorta –> 14) body.
What’s transpiration?
The movement of water through a plant.
What does the phloem transport?
Sugars (food).
What does the xylem transport?
Water and minerals.
How many directions can the xylem go?
One.
How many directions can the phloem go?
Two.
What’s the function of a stem?
Transports water, minerals and sugars. Holds the plant up.
What’s the function of a flower?
Reproduction. Attracts pollinators and produces seeds.
What’s the function of roots?
Takes up water and minerals from the soil. Stabilises the plant.
What’s the function of a leaf?
Carries out photosynthesis. Allows gas exchange and absorbs light.
What are the advantages of a heart transplant?
They can save a patient’s life, better quality heart, they’re a permanent fix.
What are the disadvantages of a heart transplant?
If rejection happens, the patient can be more prone to infection.
What is a statin?
A drug taken by people to lower the amount of cholesterol in the blood.
What are the advantages of a stain?
Reduces the risk of a heart attack or stroke, prevents blood clots.
What are the disadvantages of statins?
Can give abdominal pain, liver failure, skeletal damage.
What are the advantages of replacing faulty heart valves?
It’s easier to replace the valve than the entire heart.
What are the disadvantages of replacing a faulty heart valve?
Risk of blood clots.
What is an artificial heart transplant?
A mechanical device that pumps blood around the body.
What are the advantages of an artificial heart transplant?
Less likely to be rejected than a donor’s heart.
What are the disadvantages of an artificial heart transplant?
Can lead to bleeding out and infecting, a high chance of blood clots which can potentially lead to a stroke.
What is a stent?
A metal grid placed into an artery to allow the blood to flow.
What is the advantage of a stent?
Keeps the artery open and helps prevent a heart attack.
What is the disadvantage of a stent?
Risk of infection and blood clots.
What is the aorta?
Artery carrying blood away from the heart.
What is the vena cava?
Vein carrying blood back into the heart.
What’s a sugar source?
Produces sugars by photosynthesis.
What’s a sugar sink?
Uses sugar.
What’s translocation?
The movement of sugar through the phloem of the plant from a sugar source to a sugar sink.
How does the temperature being hotter affect transpiration?
The hotter it is, the more evaporation occurs.
How does the humidity affect transpiration?
The more humid it is, the lower the concentration gradient so the slower the diffusion.
How does the airflow affect transpiration?
The higher the airflow, the bigger the concentration gradient so the faster transpiration.
What’s a disadvantage of a plant having lots of stomata?
More water loss.
What do the guard cells do?
Controls the opening and closing of the stomata.
What’s the lower epidermis?
The thin layer at the bottom of the leaf.
What’s the upper epidermis?
The translucent layer at the top of the leaf that allows sunlight to pass through.
What is the palisade layer?
It’s the main site of photosynthesis - packed with chloroplasts.
What are stomata?
When open, allows gases to diffuse in and out of the leaf.
When a ventricle contracts, what happens?
Blood is forced into an artery.
A ventricle fills with blood by the contraction of ______.
An atrium.
When a ventricle relaxes, the backflow of blood into is is prevented by the closing of ____.
A valve.
Where does the air that you breathe go?
Through the trachea. This splits into two tubes called bronchi (each one is a bronchus), one going to each lung.
What do the bronchi split into?
Progressively smaller tubes called bronchioles. The bronchioles finally end at small bags called alveoli where the gas exchange takes place.
What can a lack of platelets cause?
Bleeding and bruising.
