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Biology > GCSE - Topic 1 - Cell Biology - Year 9 > Flashcards

GCSE - Topic 1 - Cell Biology - Year 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

Cells can be either ____ or ____, fill in the blank.

A

prokaryotic and eukaryotic

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2
Q

Are animal and plant cells eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

A

eukaryotic

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3
Q

Which are smaller and simpler, eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

A

prokaryotic

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4
Q

What are eukaryotes made of?

A

eukaryotic cells

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5
Q

What is a prokaryote?

A

a prokaryotic cell (it’s a single-celled organism)

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6
Q

What are the different parts of a cell called?

A

subcellular structures

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7
Q

What does a nucleus do?

A

contains genetic material that controls the activities of the cell (eukarotic cells have this, e.g plant and animal)

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8
Q

What does a cytoplasm do?

A

gel-like substance where most of the chemical reactions happen. it contains enzymes that control these reactions (in plant and animal cells)

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9
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A

holds the cell together and controls what goes in and out (in plant and animal cells)

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10
Q

What do the mitochondria do?

A

these are where most of the reactions for aerobic respiration take place. respiration transfers energy that the cell needs to work (in plant and animal cells)

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11
Q

What do the ribosomes do?

A

these are where proteins are made in the cell by protein synthesis (in plant and animal cells)

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12
Q

What does the rigid cell wall do?

A

made of cellulose, it supports the cell and strengthens it (in plant cells)

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13
Q

What do the chloroplasts do?

A

these are where photosynthesis occurs, which makes food for the plant. they contain a green substance called chlorophyll, which absorbs the light needed for photosynthesis (in plant cells)

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14
Q

What does the permanent vacuole do?

A

contains cell sap, a weak solution of sugar and salts (in plant cells)

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15
Q

What don’t bacteria cells have that plant cells do?

A

nucleus, chloroplasts, mitochondria

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16
Q

What do bacteria cells have instead of a nucleus?

A

they have a single circular strand of DNA that floats freely in the cytoplasm

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17
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

a plasmid is a small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that is distinct from a cell’s chromosomal DNA

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18
Q

Name 4 parts of a bacterial cell.

A

cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall, and the single circular strand of DNA

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19
Q

Name the 5 parts of an animal cell.

A

nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, and the ribosomes

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20
Q

Name the 8 parts of a plant cell.

A

permanent vacuole, rigid cell wall, chloroplasts, nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, and the ribosomes

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21
Q

What’s the difference between electron and light microscopes?

A

light microscopes - use light and lenses to magnify and form a picture or a specimen
electron microscopes - use electrons to form an image, they have much higher magnification and resolution

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22
Q

What is resolution?

A

the ability to distinguish between two points, so a higher resolution gives a sharper image

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23
Q

Which microscope gives higher resolution and magnification?

A

electron microscopes

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24
Q

What is the magnification formula triangle?

A

image size
————— (I AM)
actual size X magnification

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25
Q

What is a slide and what is it used for?

A

a strip of clear glass or plastic onto which a cell specimen is mounted (rests on the stage of a microscope)

26
Q

Why are drops of iodine often put onto a slide?

A

iodine solution is a stain. stains are used to highlight objects in a cell by adding colour to them

27
Q

What is the larger knob of a microscope called?

A

the coarse adjustment knob

28
Q

What is the smaller knob of a microscope called?

A

the fine adjustment knob

29
Q

What do you look through on a microscope?

A

the eyepiece

30
Q

What is the fine adjustment knob used for?

A

to adjust the focus and allow you to get a clear image

31
Q

What is the coarse adjustment knob used for?

A

to move the stage up and downwards until the image is roughly in focus.

32
Q

What do you do to get greater magnification?

A

swap to a higher-powered objective lens and refocus

33
Q

What is differentiation?

A

the process by which a cell changes to become specialised for its job

34
Q

What are the undifferentiated cells called?

A

stem cells

35
Q

What is the function of a sperm cell?

A

to get the male DNA to the female DNA

36
Q

How is a sperm cell specialised?

A
  • long tail, streamlined head: helps it swim to the egg
  • lots of mitochondria in the head to provide energy when needed
  • carries lots of enzymes in its head to digest through the egg cell membrane
37
Q

What is the function of a nerve cell?

A

to carry electrical signals from one part of the body to another

38
Q

How is a nerve cell specialised?

A
  • long (to cover more distance)

- have branched connections at their ends to connect to other nerve cells and form a network throughout the body

39
Q

What is the function of a muscle cell?

A

to contract quickly

40
Q

How is a muscle cell specialised?

A
  • long (so they have space to contract)

- contain lots of mitochondria to generate the energy needed for contraction

41
Q

What is the function of a root hair cell?

A

to absorb water and minerals

42
Q

How is a root hair cell specialised?

A
  • on the surface of plant roots
  • grow into long ‘hairs’ that stick out into the soil
  • gives the plant a larger surface area for absorbing water and mineral ions from the soil
43
Q

What is the function of phloem and xylem cells?

A

transporting substances such as food and water around plants

44
Q

How are phloem and xylem cells specialised?

A
  • phloem and xylem cells form phloem and xylem tubes
  • cells are long and joined end to end
  • xylem cells are hollow in the centre and phloem cells have very few subcellular structures, so that stuff can flow through them
45
Q

What is an observation?

A

people have big feet and spots

46
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

having big feet causes spots

47
Q

What does repeatable mean?

A

that if the same person does an experiment again using the SAME methods and equipment, they’ll get similar results

48
Q

What does reproducible mean?

A

that if somebody else does the experiment or if a different method or piece of equipment is used, the results will still be similar

49
Q

What are valid results?

A

both repeatable and reproducible AND they answer the original question

50
Q

What is the independent variable?

A

the variable that you change

51
Q

What is the dependent variable?

A

the variable that you measure

52
Q

What is the control variable?

A

the variable that you keep the same

53
Q

What is a control experiment?

A

an experiment that is kept under the same conditions as the rest of the investigation, but doesn’t have anything done to it

54
Q

What’s better, a bigger sample or a smaller sample?

A

a bigger sample

55
Q

What are the 10 pieces on a light microscope?

A

eyepiece, arm, stage clips, coarse adjustment knob, fine adjustment knob, high + low power objective lenses, stage, diaphragm, light, and the base

56
Q

What are the biological drawing tips?

A
  • no shading
  • no arrowheads on labels
  • straight lines for labels
  • non-sketch lines (full lines)
  • put a title
  • magnification included
57
Q

How many micrometres is 1mm equal to?

A

1000

58
Q

How many nanometres is 1 mm qual to?

A

1,000,000

59
Q

What does prokaryotic mean?

A

before nucleus

60
Q

What does eukaryotic mean?

A

true nucleus

Biology (4 decks)

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