GCSE Topic 3 - Bonding Flashcards
Fill in the gaps:
Most atoms do not have…………….: the exception being the…………..which have full shell of electrons giving the atoms a…….., …………….. All atoms like to obtain full outer shell as or provides a degree of………
Full electron shells
Noble gases
Stable, unreactive property
Stability
Tell me about ions
- An atom becomes an ion if it loses or gains electrons
- An ion is a charged particle as the number of protons does not equal electrons
- In general loss or gain of electrons occurs in order to obtain a full outer shell. A full outer shell makes an ion stable
Losing electrons:
What elements of the periodic table lose electrons
The left hand side elements of the periodic table (METALS) lose electrons
Losing electrons:
Are the elements that lose electrons metals or non metals
Metals
Losing electrons:
Why do metals lose electrons
To gain full outer shell configurations
Losing electrons:
What do these elements form
They form positive ions known as cations
Gaining electrons:
What elements of the periodic table gain electrons
The right hand side elements of the periodic table (NON METALS)
Gaining electrons:
Are the elements that gain electrons metals or non metals
Non metals
Gaining electrons:
Why do non metals gain electrons
To gain full outer shell configurations
Gaining electrons:
What do these elements form
They form negative ions known as anions
Explain molecular ions
Molecular ions are ions composed of two or more atoms covalently bonded
List the molecular ions
Ammonium Carbonate Hypochlorite Hydrogen carbonate Hydroxide Nitrate Sulphite Sulphate
Ionic bonding:
What does it occur between
Metals and non metals (i.e. Metal compounds)
Ionic bonding:
Give an example of ionic bonding
When a Na and Cl atom react together, the Na atom loses its electrons to the Cl atom and two ions are formed with full outer shells
Ionic bonding:
What attracts the ions
The opposite charges of the two ions attract each other strongly and requires a lot of energy to break them apart. This attraction is called an ionic bond
Ionic bonding:
Summarise ionic bonding by filling in the gaps:
Occurs between……and……..(i.e. Metal compounds). The………..charges of the two ions…….each other strongly and requires a lot of energy to break them apart. This………is called an ionic bond
Metals Non metals Opposite Attract Attraction
Covalent bonding:
What does it occur between
Two non metals
Covalent bonding:
What groups are the elements involved in covalent bonding from
Groups 4-7
Covalent bonding:
What do groups 4-7 need in order to gain full shells
They need to gain electrons
Covalent bonding:
How do they gain electrons
They have to share electrons from their outer shells
Covalent bonding:
What is a molecule
A molecule is a small group of atoms which are held together by covalent bonds
Covalent bonding:
What does diatomic mean
Di means 2 and atomic means atoms
Covalent bonding: In hydrogen for example, there are 2 atoms in each molecule, so what is hydrogen described as
Diatomic
Covalent bonding:
What is a covalent bond
A covalent bond always results from a shared pair of electrons and thus is very strong
Covalent bonding:
Explain what happens in a hydrogen covalent bond
Within the molecule each hydrogen donates 1 electron and thus a single bond is formed between them.
Covalent bonding:
Sharing 1 pair of bonding electrons = what
A single covalent bond
Covalent bonding:
Summarise covalent bonding by filling in the gaps:
Occurs between two……….. i.e. Elements from groups 4-7 both needing to gain electrons to reach full shells. To manage this they have to……electrons from their outer shells
Non metals
Share
Covalent bonding:
The formula for oxygen is O2 what does this show
The oxygen atoms share two pairs of electrons, the bond between them is called a double bond shown in structural format as O=O
Covalent bonding:
Each nitrogen has 5 electrons in its outer shell and therefore needs what
Needs 3 more in order to have a full shell
Covalent bonding:
Summarise covalent bonding in a sentence
Covalent bonding occurs between two non metals which share pairs of electrons from their outer shells
Covalent bonding:
Chlorine and oxygen are diatomic gases explain what diatomic means
There are two atoms chemically bonded together
Covalent bonding:
Explain why sodium doesn’t bond covalently with chlorine
As it’s an ionic bond as sodium is a metal and chlorine is a non metal
Metallic bonding:
Explain what happens in metallic bonding
Metal atoms are packed tightly together in a regular lattice. The tight packing causes outer electrons to get separated from their atoms and the result is a lattice of positive ions in a delocalised sea of electrons
Metallic bonding:
What is the result of metallic bonding
A lattice of positive ions in a delocalised sea of electrons
Metallic bonding:
In metallic bonding how are metal atoms positions
They are packed tightly together in a regular lattice
Metallic bonding:
What is metallic bonding an attraction between
The positive ions and delocalised electrons
