GCSE Paper 1 Flashcards
When did Hitler become chancellor
30th January 1933
Who were left wing
Socialists (SPD)
Communists (KPD)
Who were centre in 1933
Liberals
Who were right wing
Conservatives
Facists (Nazis)
Why did Hitler want to hold more elections in March 1933
He doesn’t want a coalition
Date of the Reichstag Fire
27th February 1933
Which man and group were blamed for the Reichstag Fire
Marinus van der Lubbe
The communists
Hitler persuaded President Hindenburg to deal with the communists. Name the law he passed
Decree for the protection of people and state
What did the decree for the protection of people and state do and how could it help the Nazis to strengthen their control over Germans
Gave them the power to remove civil right eg no freedom speech
How did the Nazis gain over 50% of the votes in the Reichstag after the March 1933 election result
They imprisoned opponents and disrupted their election campaign
Date of the enabling law
March 1933
How did Hitler get the enabling law passed
He promised to cancel the decree of protection of people and state and to protect the rights of the Catholic Church within Germany
How did the enabling law help Hitler increase his control over Germans
Meant he could appoint laws without the presidents permission
What happened on March 1933
State parliaments were closed - new parties all had Nazi majorities
What happened in April 1933
Jews and political opponents were dismissed from their jobs in the civil service - Nazi officials were put in charge of state governments in Germany
What happened in May 1933
All trade unions were banned and their officials and leaders were arrested
What happened in July 1933
The law against the formations of new parties banned all other political parties
What happened in January 1934
Hitler introduced the law for the reconstruction of the state
Describe Roehm’s second revolution
The army would be replaced by the SA and industry replaced with working class
Did the German army approve of Roehm’s second revolution
Many top members of the army supported hitlers foreign policy terms but were worried about Roehm’s plan to replace them
Give 2 reasons why Army anger and the SA could weaken Hitler
The army could stage an attack
The army works with Hindenburg
Date of the night of the long knives
30th June 1934
Who was killed and how many died in the night of long knives
Roehm’s and leading members of SA were shot. Nearly 200 died
How did army leaders respond to the night of long knives
Hitler gained the full support of the army
What happened on the 1st August 1934
New law merging chancellor and president into Führer
What happened on the 2nd August 1934
Hindenburg died
What did the army do to show gratefulness towards Hitler
They swore an oath to Hitler of allegiance and loyalty
What did Hitler do to see what the public though of him
He held a referendum to see if he could become Führer. 90% agreed with his actions
Job done by SS
Hitlers private army. They purged the SA on the NLK
Job done by SA
Roehm was leader and they helped Hitler get rid of political opponents
Job done by Gestapo
Was the Nazis secret police state. They were above the law and during WW2 they hunted down Jews and resistance groups
Job done by SD
Was the intelligence service within the SS
Leader of SS/Gestapo
Himmler
Leader of SD
Heydrich
SS group who ran concentration camp
The death’s heads unit
3 types of inmate in a concentration camp
Homosexuals
Jews
Enemies of the state
3 examples of camp life
Beat
Little food
Hard work
Did the Gestapo torture prisoners
Yes
Did the Gestapo target suspects family
Yes
Were the Gestapo above the law
Yes
Where did Gestapos information come from
Informants
What were People’s courts
Judges were biased and Jury was not used. Lawyer was not needed as everyone was Nazi
When did Hitler become Führer
2nd August 1934
Propaganda definition
Advertising the Nazis + their beliefs
Censorship definition
Preventing Germans from seeing or hearing criticism of the Nazis
What was the volksgemeinschaft
An aryan community
Give some propaganda used by the Nazis
Newspaper writer were all aryan
Most papers were owned by pro Nazi Alfred Hugenburg
Editors law meant Editors were accountable for the contents of the paper
All radio stations under Nazi control
7 out of 10 homes had a people’s receiver
Loudspeakers erected in streets
Children’s schoolbooks had Nazi ideals
Annual rally at Nuremberg
How were German churches a threat to Nazis
Many would go with the church if they disagreed with Hitler
Explain what the concordat was
Freedom of church to continue their services. Right to continue to run own schools + youth groups + pastoral rights of ministry. In return they used the votes of Catholic party to get enabling act through Reichstag
How did Hitler break the concordat
He arrested priests
Christian youth groups banned
Who was Galen and what did he do
Galen was a catholic priest who exposed Nazis for some of their secret activity eg assaulting handicapped people
Who was the minister of religion from 1933 and what was their church
Ludwig Muller
German Christian Church
What were those who opposed Muller called
The confessional church
Who was Niemoller
WW1 U-boat captain
Who was Bonhoeffer
A WW1 hero
Give some facts about German faith movement
Symbol was swastika, golden sun on blue
New marriage, baptism, burial
Services to show anti Christian beliefs
What happened to Jehovah’s Witnesses
Most ended up in concentration camps with a third ending up dead
Who were Edelweiss Pirates
Refused to join Hitler youth
Mixed camping trips
Dressed casually
Working class boys who despised narrow strict behaviour
Who were the Meuten
Attached Nazis 1937-39 1500 members Working class teens Sympathised with socialism
Who were the swing youth
Non German activists eg Jazz
British/American way of life
Upper/middle class
Opposing national socialist ideology
Who were Leipzig hounds
From the communist party
Anti Nazi gangs of teenagers
Aimed to destroy Nazi control
Date of concordat
July 1933
What did KDF do
Helped workers outside workplace
Who led the DAF
Dr Robert Ley
What the DAF do to help workers
Incomes improved
Better working conditions
Doubled amount of holiday pay
What negatives were there if DAF
Number of public facilities declined
Number of doctors per bed declined
Couldn’t leave jobs or strike
What was the SDA
Part of the DAF
What did the SDA do to help workers
Better lighting Regular screening for breast cancer Better noise reduction Better canteens Better ventilation
What did KDF provide
Cheap cinema tickets
Picnics
Cheap holidays
What was prora
10,000 spaces holiday home which was promised but never followed up on
What was the VW scheme
Promised a car but no one ever received one
What was the DAF
Helped workers in workplace
Why did the Nazis want to increase aryan birth rate
So that they would have more aryans in Germany and Hitler thought that made Germany look better
What is social Darwinism
the theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals.
What was eugenics
the science of improving a population by controlled breeding to increase the occurrence of desirable heritable characteristics.
What was volksgemeinschaft
Volksgemeinschaft is a German expression meaning “people’s community”.
What happened to working women in 1933
Women were sacked and couldn’t get a civil servant job
What happened to women in 1936
Were banned from legal jobs
Describe how Nazis encouraged the birth of more children
They offered a 600 mark loan to women who were married. The debt was reduced by a quarter every time they had a child.
Increased taxes on childless families
regular payments for the third child onwards
Women with 4 children were given a bronze honour award, silver for 6 and gold for 8. This let them pass many queues
How would women get sent to concentration camps
If they were found neglecting their children
If they were disabled
Neglecting housework
Give some facts about the Nazi Women’s league
Founded in October 1931
Gertud Scholtz-Klink was the leader
Supported Nazi beliefs about women
Helped women get jobs and in concentration camps
Describe 2 ways the Nazis used censorship in Germany
They owned many newspapers and could restrict anti-Nazi views
They passed a law making publishers accountable for the contents of their paper
Describe 2 ways the Nazis used propaganda in Germany
They erected large speakers in streets which would play Hitler’s speeches
They sold the ‘people’s receiver’ which played Hitler’s speeches. These were very successful with most German houses owning one
Below are 2 methods used by the Nazis to consolidate their power. Choose one method + explain how it helped the Nazis
- Reichstag fire
- Night of the Long Knives
The Reichstag fire happened when the Nazis were trying to get votes. The party opposite them was the communists. The communists were accused of setting the Reichstag alight and were swiftly removed. The Nazis ran unopposed
Explain how life in Germany changed for German Workers 1933-39
The DAF was formed and they helped workers in the workplace. They gave better working conditions, increased income and doubled amount of holiday pay. Part of the DAF named the SDA also emerged. They provided better lighting, regular screening for Brest cancer, better noise reduction and better cantines. There were negatives as well especially for the DAF which were that number of public facilities declined, number of doctors per bed declined and workers couldn’t strike or leave their jobs. The KDF also appeared. Their aim was to help workers outside of the workplace. They offered up cheap cinema tickets, picnics and cheap holidays. The KDF also had negatives as not everyone got holidays. Many were promised a stay at Prora, a massive holiday home, but they never received this. There was also the VW scheme which promised workers a car which also was never followed up on
Name some subjects that were changed for girls
Home economics, housekeeping, 15% increase in PE
Name some subjects that were changed for boys
Biology (social Darwinism), maths (talks about bombing Jewish Warsaw), 15% increase in PE
What happened to Jewish teachers and what was set up after this
Jewish teachers were sacked and a Nazi teachers league was formed which included months long teachers training camp
Where were boys aged 11-18 sent
Sent to NAPOLAS where they trained to be SS
What did the Adolf Hitler school teach
Taught by commanders German folklore
What were order castles
Elite schools where they were prepared to be SS officers. War games played with live ammunition and some were killed
What was the aim of the new education system
To make all young people become committed Nazis
What was the aim of the new education system specific for girls
To get girls to focus on being housewives and mothers
What was the aim of the new education system specific for boys
To get boys to focus on a military career
What were the two Nazi ‘clubs’ outside school
Boys - Hitler Youth Movement (HYM)
Girls - German Girls League (BDM)
What happened in 1936 for outside of the classroom activities
Nazi youth compulsory and all other ‘clubs’ banned
What was the Hitler Youth
Leader - Baldur con Schirach
There were many groups: Air Force, weapons, motor, marine
Activities were marches, camps, war games, rifle practice, flying, sailing, riding motorcycle
What was the BDM
Leader - Trude Mohr
Groups: skiing, gymnastics, home economics
Activities were sports, gymnastics, marching , swimming, camping, cooking, cleaning, story telling
Give three successes of the Nazi youth policies
- Life skills taught
- Gave them a chance to get loads of friends and take part in activities they usually couldn’t
- They had control over leaders eg students could write a letter to Gestapo getting them in trouble
Name three failures of the Nazi youth policies
- Education changes weakened education standard offered
- Youth opponents existed so not all aryan youth liked Nazi policies
- The activities became compulsory and many found lots of PE boring eg if you want to not be a housewife you could feel frustrated with lack of career opportunities
What big events were blamed on the Jews
WW1, The Treaty of Versailles and the Wall Street Crash
Name some economic actions taken against Jews between 1933-38
October 1933 - Jews banned from key media jobs
April 1933 - Jews banned from government jobs
May 1935 - Jews banned from serving in the army
January 1937 - Jews banned from key professions eg teaching
September 1938 - Jews banned from all legal practices
When were Jewish civil rights removed and what did this mean
September 1935 - Nuremberg Laws meant Jews were deprived of of many political and economic rights, made wards of state, became illegal for Jews to have sex with or marry aryans
Name some society exclusions given to Jews between 1935-39
Summer 1935 - public places put up signs saying ‘Jews not wanted here’
July/August 1938 - Jews had to carry identity cards
April-June 1938 - Jews ordered to register wealth
October 1938 - Jews had to have passports stamped with J shaped symbol, has to use new names ‘Israel’ for men and ‘Sarah’ for women
January 1939 - Jews encouraged to emigrate, Hitler spoke of a future annihilation of Jews if they caused a world war
What act of violence happened in November 1938
The murder of a Nazi diplomat by a Jew in Paris on 7th November was the catalyst for a massive outbreak of anti-Jewish persecution. It became known as Kristallnacht from the broken glass on the streets. More than 40l synagogues, 7500 shops and many homes were destroyed. 11 Jews were killed and over the following months 20,000 were sent to concentration camps. The Nazis fined the Jews 1 billion marks for the damage caused on Kristallnacht. They also made them clean up the streets in the aftermath of the attacks
Why did so few Germans oppose the Nazis antisemitism
The Nazi propaganda was effective in persuading the German people that Jews were evil. Youth were mind washed through the education system to think Jews were bad. The Nazi police state made everyone scared to speak out as they didn’t want to get beat up or get billed. Germans were ignorant to Nazi action as they only knew what got reported to them
What were 5 solutions
- Encouraged emigration
- The Madagascar plan
- Einsatzgruppen
- Ghettos
- The Final Solution
What was encouraged emigration
Jews encouraged to leave Germany and Germany had leaving fee which only a few could afford. Only partially successful until war started and they shut borders
What was the Madagascar plan
The Nazis thought instead of killing the Jews they could ditch them in Madagascar. It was a failure as they had no way of getting the Jews there
What was Einsatzgruppen
Was when the SS groups rounded up the Jews in Poland and the USSR and executed them. This was a failure due to the mental effect on the soldiers
What were ghettos
Were small, overpopulated cities filled with Jews and the general idea was to starve the Jews. These were generally successful but was a slow process
What was the Final Solution
Was when the Nazis started to gas the weaker Jews and work the stronger ones to death. It was successful up until they lost the war. This was decided when Heydrich and leading Nazis met at the Wannsee conference on January 20th 1942. When the Nazis lost WW2 6 million Jewish people had been murdered
What happened at Auschwitz - Birkenau
Upon arrival they were separated and selected fir what they to do. They got their head shaved and were given a number. Strong had to participate in forced labour eg factory construction, rearmament. The weak went to get a shower but gas (Zyhlon B) came out and killed them. The Nazis disposed of the bodies. They destroyed the ghettos. Sonderkonmando removed gold teeth and valuables
How did Nazis tale out opponents
Used the Gestapo to hunt down opponents. The Germans were scared of the Gestapo. Kids were rewarded for ratting out people which helped them hunt down opponents