GCSE Paper 1 Flashcards
When did Hitler become chancellor
30th January 1933
Who were left wing
Socialists (SPD)
Communists (KPD)
Who were centre in 1933
Liberals
Who were right wing
Conservatives
Facists (Nazis)
Why did Hitler want to hold more elections in March 1933
He doesn’t want a coalition
Date of the Reichstag Fire
27th February 1933
Which man and group were blamed for the Reichstag Fire
Marinus van der Lubbe
The communists
Hitler persuaded President Hindenburg to deal with the communists. Name the law he passed
Decree for the protection of people and state
What did the decree for the protection of people and state do and how could it help the Nazis to strengthen their control over Germans
Gave them the power to remove civil right eg no freedom speech
How did the Nazis gain over 50% of the votes in the Reichstag after the March 1933 election result
They imprisoned opponents and disrupted their election campaign
Date of the enabling law
March 1933
How did Hitler get the enabling law passed
He promised to cancel the decree of protection of people and state and to protect the rights of the Catholic Church within Germany
How did the enabling law help Hitler increase his control over Germans
Meant he could appoint laws without the presidents permission
What happened on March 1933
State parliaments were closed - new parties all had Nazi majorities
What happened in April 1933
Jews and political opponents were dismissed from their jobs in the civil service - Nazi officials were put in charge of state governments in Germany
What happened in May 1933
All trade unions were banned and their officials and leaders were arrested
What happened in July 1933
The law against the formations of new parties banned all other political parties
What happened in January 1934
Hitler introduced the law for the reconstruction of the state
Describe Roehm’s second revolution
The army would be replaced by the SA and industry replaced with working class
Did the German army approve of Roehm’s second revolution
Many top members of the army supported hitlers foreign policy terms but were worried about Roehm’s plan to replace them
Give 2 reasons why Army anger and the SA could weaken Hitler
The army could stage an attack
The army works with Hindenburg
Date of the night of the long knives
30th June 1934
Who was killed and how many died in the night of long knives
Roehm’s and leading members of SA were shot. Nearly 200 died
How did army leaders respond to the night of long knives
Hitler gained the full support of the army
What happened on the 1st August 1934
New law merging chancellor and president into Führer
What happened on the 2nd August 1934
Hindenburg died
What did the army do to show gratefulness towards Hitler
They swore an oath to Hitler of allegiance and loyalty
What did Hitler do to see what the public though of him
He held a referendum to see if he could become Führer. 90% agreed with his actions
Job done by SS
Hitlers private army. They purged the SA on the NLK
Job done by SA
Roehm was leader and they helped Hitler get rid of political opponents
Job done by Gestapo
Was the Nazis secret police state. They were above the law and during WW2 they hunted down Jews and resistance groups
Job done by SD
Was the intelligence service within the SS
Leader of SS/Gestapo
Himmler
Leader of SD
Heydrich
SS group who ran concentration camp
The death’s heads unit
3 types of inmate in a concentration camp
Homosexuals
Jews
Enemies of the state
3 examples of camp life
Beat
Little food
Hard work
Did the Gestapo torture prisoners
Yes
Did the Gestapo target suspects family
Yes
Were the Gestapo above the law
Yes
Where did Gestapos information come from
Informants
What were People’s courts
Judges were biased and Jury was not used. Lawyer was not needed as everyone was Nazi
When did Hitler become Führer
2nd August 1934
Propaganda definition
Advertising the Nazis + their beliefs
Censorship definition
Preventing Germans from seeing or hearing criticism of the Nazis
What was the volksgemeinschaft
An aryan community
Give some propaganda used by the Nazis
Newspaper writer were all aryan
Most papers were owned by pro Nazi Alfred Hugenburg
Editors law meant Editors were accountable for the contents of the paper
All radio stations under Nazi control
7 out of 10 homes had a people’s receiver
Loudspeakers erected in streets
Children’s schoolbooks had Nazi ideals
Annual rally at Nuremberg
How were German churches a threat to Nazis
Many would go with the church if they disagreed with Hitler
Explain what the concordat was
Freedom of church to continue their services. Right to continue to run own schools + youth groups + pastoral rights of ministry. In return they used the votes of Catholic party to get enabling act through Reichstag
How did Hitler break the concordat
He arrested priests
Christian youth groups banned
Who was Galen and what did he do
Galen was a catholic priest who exposed Nazis for some of their secret activity eg assaulting handicapped people
Who was the minister of religion from 1933 and what was their church
Ludwig Muller
German Christian Church
What were those who opposed Muller called
The confessional church
Who was Niemoller
WW1 U-boat captain
Who was Bonhoeffer
A WW1 hero
Give some facts about German faith movement
Symbol was swastika, golden sun on blue
New marriage, baptism, burial
Services to show anti Christian beliefs
What happened to Jehovah’s Witnesses
Most ended up in concentration camps with a third ending up dead
Who were Edelweiss Pirates
Refused to join Hitler youth
Mixed camping trips
Dressed casually
Working class boys who despised narrow strict behaviour
Who were the Meuten
Attached Nazis 1937-39 1500 members Working class teens Sympathised with socialism
Who were the swing youth
Non German activists eg Jazz
British/American way of life
Upper/middle class
Opposing national socialist ideology
Who were Leipzig hounds
From the communist party
Anti Nazi gangs of teenagers
Aimed to destroy Nazi control
Date of concordat
July 1933
What did KDF do
Helped workers outside workplace
Who led the DAF
Dr Robert Ley
What the DAF do to help workers
Incomes improved
Better working conditions
Doubled amount of holiday pay
What negatives were there if DAF
Number of public facilities declined
Number of doctors per bed declined
Couldn’t leave jobs or strike
What was the SDA
Part of the DAF
What did the SDA do to help workers
Better lighting Regular screening for breast cancer Better noise reduction Better canteens Better ventilation
What did KDF provide
Cheap cinema tickets
Picnics
Cheap holidays
What was prora
10,000 spaces holiday home which was promised but never followed up on
What was the VW scheme
Promised a car but no one ever received one
What was the DAF
Helped workers in workplace
Why did the Nazis want to increase aryan birth rate
So that they would have more aryans in Germany and Hitler thought that made Germany look better
What is social Darwinism
the theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals.
What was eugenics
the science of improving a population by controlled breeding to increase the occurrence of desirable heritable characteristics.
What was volksgemeinschaft
Volksgemeinschaft is a German expression meaning “people’s community”.
What happened to working women in 1933
Women were sacked and couldn’t get a civil servant job
What happened to women in 1936
Were banned from legal jobs
Describe how Nazis encouraged the birth of more children
They offered a 600 mark loan to women who were married. The debt was reduced by a quarter every time they had a child.
Increased taxes on childless families
regular payments for the third child onwards
Women with 4 children were given a bronze honour award, silver for 6 and gold for 8. This let them pass many queues
How would women get sent to concentration camps
If they were found neglecting their children
If they were disabled
Neglecting housework
Give some facts about the Nazi Women’s league
Founded in October 1931
Gertud Scholtz-Klink was the leader
Supported Nazi beliefs about women
Helped women get jobs and in concentration camps
Describe 2 ways the Nazis used censorship in Germany
They owned many newspapers and could restrict anti-Nazi views
They passed a law making publishers accountable for the contents of their paper
Describe 2 ways the Nazis used propaganda in Germany
They erected large speakers in streets which would play Hitler’s speeches
They sold the ‘people’s receiver’ which played Hitler’s speeches. These were very successful with most German houses owning one
Below are 2 methods used by the Nazis to consolidate their power. Choose one method + explain how it helped the Nazis
- Reichstag fire
- Night of the Long Knives
The Reichstag fire happened when the Nazis were trying to get votes. The party opposite them was the communists. The communists were accused of setting the Reichstag alight and were swiftly removed. The Nazis ran unopposed
Explain how life in Germany changed for German Workers 1933-39
The DAF was formed and they helped workers in the workplace. They gave better working conditions, increased income and doubled amount of holiday pay. Part of the DAF named the SDA also emerged. They provided better lighting, regular screening for Brest cancer, better noise reduction and better cantines. There were negatives as well especially for the DAF which were that number of public facilities declined, number of doctors per bed declined and workers couldn’t strike or leave their jobs. The KDF also appeared. Their aim was to help workers outside of the workplace. They offered up cheap cinema tickets, picnics and cheap holidays. The KDF also had negatives as not everyone got holidays. Many were promised a stay at Prora, a massive holiday home, but they never received this. There was also the VW scheme which promised workers a car which also was never followed up on
Name some subjects that were changed for girls
Home economics, housekeeping, 15% increase in PE
Name some subjects that were changed for boys
Biology (social Darwinism), maths (talks about bombing Jewish Warsaw), 15% increase in PE
What happened to Jewish teachers and what was set up after this
Jewish teachers were sacked and a Nazi teachers league was formed which included months long teachers training camp
Where were boys aged 11-18 sent
Sent to NAPOLAS where they trained to be SS
What did the Adolf Hitler school teach
Taught by commanders German folklore
What were order castles
Elite schools where they were prepared to be SS officers. War games played with live ammunition and some were killed
What was the aim of the new education system
To make all young people become committed Nazis
What was the aim of the new education system specific for girls
To get girls to focus on being housewives and mothers
What was the aim of the new education system specific for boys
To get boys to focus on a military career
What were the two Nazi ‘clubs’ outside school
Boys - Hitler Youth Movement (HYM)
Girls - German Girls League (BDM)
What happened in 1936 for outside of the classroom activities
Nazi youth compulsory and all other ‘clubs’ banned
What was the Hitler Youth
Leader - Baldur con Schirach
There were many groups: Air Force, weapons, motor, marine
Activities were marches, camps, war games, rifle practice, flying, sailing, riding motorcycle
What was the BDM
Leader - Trude Mohr
Groups: skiing, gymnastics, home economics
Activities were sports, gymnastics, marching , swimming, camping, cooking, cleaning, story telling
Give three successes of the Nazi youth policies
- Life skills taught
- Gave them a chance to get loads of friends and take part in activities they usually couldn’t
- They had control over leaders eg students could write a letter to Gestapo getting them in trouble
Name three failures of the Nazi youth policies
- Education changes weakened education standard offered
- Youth opponents existed so not all aryan youth liked Nazi policies
- The activities became compulsory and many found lots of PE boring eg if you want to not be a housewife you could feel frustrated with lack of career opportunities
What big events were blamed on the Jews
WW1, The Treaty of Versailles and the Wall Street Crash
Name some economic actions taken against Jews between 1933-38
October 1933 - Jews banned from key media jobs
April 1933 - Jews banned from government jobs
May 1935 - Jews banned from serving in the army
January 1937 - Jews banned from key professions eg teaching
September 1938 - Jews banned from all legal practices
When were Jewish civil rights removed and what did this mean
September 1935 - Nuremberg Laws meant Jews were deprived of of many political and economic rights, made wards of state, became illegal for Jews to have sex with or marry aryans
Name some society exclusions given to Jews between 1935-39
Summer 1935 - public places put up signs saying ‘Jews not wanted here’
July/August 1938 - Jews had to carry identity cards
April-June 1938 - Jews ordered to register wealth
October 1938 - Jews had to have passports stamped with J shaped symbol, has to use new names ‘Israel’ for men and ‘Sarah’ for women
January 1939 - Jews encouraged to emigrate, Hitler spoke of a future annihilation of Jews if they caused a world war
What act of violence happened in November 1938
The murder of a Nazi diplomat by a Jew in Paris on 7th November was the catalyst for a massive outbreak of anti-Jewish persecution. It became known as Kristallnacht from the broken glass on the streets. More than 40l synagogues, 7500 shops and many homes were destroyed. 11 Jews were killed and over the following months 20,000 were sent to concentration camps. The Nazis fined the Jews 1 billion marks for the damage caused on Kristallnacht. They also made them clean up the streets in the aftermath of the attacks
Why did so few Germans oppose the Nazis antisemitism
The Nazi propaganda was effective in persuading the German people that Jews were evil. Youth were mind washed through the education system to think Jews were bad. The Nazi police state made everyone scared to speak out as they didn’t want to get beat up or get billed. Germans were ignorant to Nazi action as they only knew what got reported to them
What were 5 solutions
- Encouraged emigration
- The Madagascar plan
- Einsatzgruppen
- Ghettos
- The Final Solution
What was encouraged emigration
Jews encouraged to leave Germany and Germany had leaving fee which only a few could afford. Only partially successful until war started and they shut borders
What was the Madagascar plan
The Nazis thought instead of killing the Jews they could ditch them in Madagascar. It was a failure as they had no way of getting the Jews there
What was Einsatzgruppen
Was when the SS groups rounded up the Jews in Poland and the USSR and executed them. This was a failure due to the mental effect on the soldiers
What were ghettos
Were small, overpopulated cities filled with Jews and the general idea was to starve the Jews. These were generally successful but was a slow process
What was the Final Solution
Was when the Nazis started to gas the weaker Jews and work the stronger ones to death. It was successful up until they lost the war. This was decided when Heydrich and leading Nazis met at the Wannsee conference on January 20th 1942. When the Nazis lost WW2 6 million Jewish people had been murdered
What happened at Auschwitz - Birkenau
Upon arrival they were separated and selected fir what they to do. They got their head shaved and were given a number. Strong had to participate in forced labour eg factory construction, rearmament. The weak went to get a shower but gas (Zyhlon B) came out and killed them. The Nazis disposed of the bodies. They destroyed the ghettos. Sonderkonmando removed gold teeth and valuables
How did Nazis tale out opponents
Used the Gestapo to hunt down opponents. The Germans were scared of the Gestapo. Kids were rewarded for ratting out people which helped them hunt down opponents
What was the white rose group
Hans and Sophie Scholl were leaders. Distributed anti-Nazi leaflets, did things outside the norm. A university caretaker betrays them. The leaders were executed.
What was the confessional church
They spoke out against the Nazis and passed secrets to the allies. Bonhoeffer (leader) was executed
What did the R.C. Church do to help
Many priests hid Jews. Galen spoke out against Nazis. He forced Nazis to shut down some of their euthanasia schemes. Galen arrested by Nazis and let him out where he died
What did the Jews do to rebell
Warsaw ghetto rising - Jews rebelled killing 300 Germans and fighting for a month. 13,000 Jews died
Jewish partisan groups - in Easter Poland they attacked Nazis and helped 1300 escape.
Some managed to escape and emigrate, many Jews hid
Smuggled food, water and supplies into ghettos
Sonde Jews pretended to cooperate but in reality didn’t
Wrote stories of their torture on toilet paper and smuggled it out to be read by the world
Why did the army dislike Hitler and what oath did the army make
The army made an oath of loyalty to Hitler because he didn’t replace them. The army disliked Hitler because the war was going bad
There was seven attempts to kill Hitler
What was operation Valkyrie
Leaders were Ludwig Beck, Carl Goerdeler, Von Stauffenberg
They would attend Hitler meeting and leave a bomb which would blow Hitler up
Started 20th July. Failed as people moved the bomb. The leaders were killed or offered to let them kill themselves
When did WW2 begin
3rd September 1939
Who were Germany’s allies in WW2
Italy, Japan, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria
Who were Germany’s enemies in WW2
US, Britain, France, USSR, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Denmark, Greece, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, South Africa, Yugoslavia
What was the phoney war
After blitzkreig attack nothing seemed to happen
What was blitzkreig
(German lightning war) military tactic calculated to create a psychological shock and resulted disorganisation of surprise, speed and superiority in material of firepower
What was operation barborossa
When Germany invaded Russia which led Russia to work with Britain which lost Germany the war.
What were all the countries Germany invaded
Czechoslovakia, Austria, Poland, Denmark, Belgium, Italy, Norway, Netherlands, France, Britain, Soviet Union
What was the battle of Stalingrad
Largest confrontation, Germany allies fought Soviet Union for control of Stalingrad Russia. February 1943. Germany lost
What was the battle of El Alamein
fought in Egypt between Axis and Allies. Allies won October 1942
What were the D-Day landings
Were landings in Normandy on June 1944 - allies won - operation Neptune - largest sea born invasion in history
What were air raids
They were carried out to take out key industrial buildings then towns to end the war early as this would destroy morale
Name some air raids between 1942-45
Cologne was bombed on May 30th 1942
Hamburg was bombed in July and August 1943
Dresden was bombed in February 1945
How many Germans died
3.5 million Germans died
List 3 effects of air raids and allied bombing
Helped unite the country, 3.5 million civilians died and disaffection grew
List 4 item rationed at the start of the war
Meat, bread, fats and sugar
What were ersatz goods
An ersatz good was an inferior good eg acorns instead of coffee
What were 3 ways the civilians produced food
Grow at home, in parks and eat different foods eg daisy salad
What was the black market
Illegal and expensive things being sold
Why were extra rations given to miners, blood donors and pregnant women
Miners - they had to do the hard work
Blood donors - as the blood removal will take away their energy so they need more food
Pregnant women - are essentially feeding 2 people so they need more food
List goods no longer available to Germans towards the end of the war
Meat reduced and so were cigarettes and milk
Between 1939 and 1945 how much had rations declined
700g to 250g
What were balcony pigs
Pet rabbits that were killed for protein
How did Germans obtain new clothes, shoes or furniture
You go to an exchange centre where you would give your eg jacket for a different jacket
Were you less likely to be affected by rationing if you lived in the countryside
Yes countryside households usually had farms so they could grow their own foods
Describe how speer’s work affected the life of German workers
He increased working hours, hired foreign and woman workers
Did speer’s work have any success
Munitions output grew by 60% and per worker and general industrial productivity increased
What did they change with women in 1943 and what success did they have
Hitler had no choice but to conscript women and within a year more than 40% of women were working
List 2 other groups drafted in to increase the work numbers 1943
Foreign workers and prisoners of war
What were the wartime activities carried out by the Hitler youth
trained to be soldiers and carried out war games and helped defend cities
What speech was given to keep morale high
Total War Speech
What were the wartime activities for the BDM
Ran camps for girls
evacuated from bombing area
Collected scrap metal
Were Germans told about food shortages
Food shortages were covered up as this would panic the public
What are the names of the NI, Irish and British governments
Stormant - NI
Dail - Irish
Westminster - British
What is direct rule
Rule by British government
What is sectarianism
Hatred for other religions
What is discrimination
Exclusion of groups of people
What are civil rights
Basic human rights eg right to vote
What is a the Taoiseach
Irish PM
What is gerrymandering
Rigging elections to favour a party
What is PR voting
Representing many interest groups
What was the special powers act
Giving extra powers to government eg internment
What was a Unionist
Someone who wanted to stay part of uk
Mostly Protestant
Political parties: DUP, UUP(new OUP)
What was a Nationalist
Wanted a united Ireland
Mostly Roman Catholic
Political parties: Sinn Fein, SDLP
What does a welfare state mean
Free health car, education and benefits system, government ownership of British industries and jobs for all
When was the NHS introduced
July 1948
Which political party introduced a welfare state and in which year
The Labour Party in 1942
What is the NHS
The National Health Service
List 3 benefits of the NHS for a citizen of Northern Ireland
Free Healthcare, prescription drugs and free operations
How many houses were estimated to be needed in NI after 1945
100,000
How successful were local councils at providing new homes after 1945
Not fully successful as houses weren’t allocated fairly
Were new homes allocated fairly to the 2 communities in NI
They were nit Carly allocated between the 2 communities
Name the changes introduced by the 1947 act
11+ for free grammar school
What wa S the 1947 act also known as
The education act NI
Did a citizen of the Republic of Ireland enjoy the benefits of the welfare state
Republic of Ireland citizens didn’t get welfare state benefits
Name some areas where nationalists were discriminated in
Jobs, housing, voting
How were nationalists discriminated against in jobs
Nationalists could be rejected from a job because of their religion
How were nationalists discriminated against in housing
Unionist councils gave houses unionists rather than nationalists eg in Caledon the council gave a single Protestant woman a house rather than a Roman Catholic family
How were nationalists discriminated against in voting
Gerrymandering used by unionists to get more votes and councils for their community eg Londonderry was a majority nationalist city but unionist returned more representatives in local elections and local rate payers could get up to 7 extra votes depending on their rates bill. This led to unionists getting more votes
How popular was O’Neill with his OUP
He wasn’t very popular with the OUP
What was O’Neill’s 3 aims for NI
- Improve the economy
- Improve community relations
- Improve relations between NI and Republic of Ireland
How many new jobs were created
35,000 new jobs
How many jobs were lost and in what industries
20,000 jobs lost in ship building and linen
What % of people still remained unemployed after all the new jobs created
Over 78% of people remained unemployed
Why didn’t countries want to open companies in the west which was the nationalist territory
The dock was very far away in Belfast
Name 7 ways O’Neill tried to improve the economy
- £900 million investment and creation of 5 economic zones
- Establishment of new city called craigavon
- Modernisation of roads and railways
- Cooperation with Dublin Irish Trade Union Congress
- Development of new university in town of Coleraine
- Established economic council
- Creation of ministry of development to drive economic revolt
What was O’Neill’s plan for housing and jobs
Build more houses for everyone and get more jobs for everyone which would better the standard of living
Why did O’Neill want to improve community relations
He hoped this aim would end sectarianism and discrimination in NI
Name 2 things O’Neill did to try and improve community relations
- O’Neill visited Cardinal William Conway and offered condolences on passing of Pope John XXIII
- O’Neill visited schools and hospitals run by Catholic Churches and increased financial supported to them especially the hospitals
How did nationalists respond to O’Neill’s efforts to improve community relations
Nationalists liked this as they were getting more support
How did unionists respond to O’Neill’s efforts to improve community relations
Unionists disliked this as they thought O’Neill was trying to get a United Ireland
Name the 2 Irish PM’s who O’Neill met
Sean Lemass in 1965
Jack Lynch in 1967
Why was O’Neill netting the Irish PM significant
It was the first time that the Irish PM recognise NI and first meeting in 40 years
What did the O’Neill and the Irish PM discuss
Electricity and tourism
What did O’Neill and the Irish PM not discuss
Politics and United Ireland
Who was O’Neill’s main critic
Ian Paisley
Why did Ian Paisley dislike O’Neill’s meetings with the Irish PMs
Because the Republic regarded NI as part of the Republic
Why did unionists not want a United Ireland
They didn’t want to be Protestant minorities
Did some unionists support O’Neill
Moderate unionists supported O’Neill as many more jobs were made for unionists
How many seats were won by OUP around 1967
38 out of 52 seats
Why was there tension around 1967
Two catholic’s were murdered by UVF and Battle of Somme, Easter Rising anniversaries brought tensions
What was being planned in the OUP
There was a plot in the OUP to remove O’Neill as leader
What did nationalists do to show their support to O’Neill
Took up their seat in Stormount Government
Why were Nationalists concerned
Factories made in west - jobs for unionists
Craigavon named after first unionist PM
New university built in Coleraine which is a unionist place not Nationalist like Londonderry
What was the UVF
Was a paramilitary group active in May and June 1966
What did O’Neill do about the UVF
He banned the UVF
What did NICRA stand for
Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association
When was NICRA set up
Set up in 1967
Who were the leaders of NICRA
Paddy Devlin, Eamon McCann, Michael Farrell
Name 2 events in history that inspired NICRA
- Martin Luther King’s US Civil Rights campaign to get equality for African Americans
- US President JFK’s election as the first Roman Catholic President
Who were the supporters of NICRA
Mainly Nationalist and moderate unionists
Who were the opponents of NICRA
Unionists eg Ian Paisley
Did NICRA protest peacefully or Violently
Used peaceful protests eg marches against discrimination in council housing
What were NICRA’s 7 aims
- One Man One Vote - end discrimination in getting 7 extra votes for owning a business
- End gerrymandering - rigging elections to favour unionists eg Londonderry
- End discrimination in jobs eg in the civil service
- End discrimination in council housing eg the caledon incident
- End Special Forces Act which allowed internment
- End B-Specials (part time police)
- Create a formal complaints procedure
What did unionists think of NICRA
Unionists said it was a front for the IRA, only interested in Catholic Rights not rights for all and some thought it was trying to get a United Ireland so would be getting rid of Northern Ireland
What happened on the 21st August 1968
NICRA March from Coalisland to Dungannon protesting for the end of discrimination in housing. RUC stop March before reaching Dungannon but there was no violence
What happened on the 5th October 1968
NICRA March to Londonderry to protest for the end of discrimination in housing. Stormont banned the March because the Apprentice boys planned a rival March. NICRA still held March. The RUC attacked NICRA and RTE news crews filmed the violence
What impact did the violence from the October 1968 have on stormont
Stormont was criticised
O’Neill was out put under pressure to stop the violence
O’Neill introduced 5 reforms to please NICRA
When did O’Neill release his 5 reforms
22nd November 1968
What were O’Neill’s 5 reforms
- The allocation of council houses on a points system
- The replacement of Londonderry corporation by a development commission (gerrymandering)
- The removal of parts of the Special Powers Act
- Reforms within the local government including the ending of extra votes for business owners
- The appointment of an ombudsman to investigate complaints
What 2 reforms were missing from O’Neill’s reforms
- End B-Specials
2. End discrimination in jobs eg the civil service
What did NICRA think of O’Neill’s reforms
NICRA kept marching
What did O’Neill do on the 9th November 1968
O’Neill went on TV to hammer in that he was in support of NICRA
What happened to the minister that critized O’Neill’s reforms
O’Neill sacked him
What did unionists think about O’Neill’s reforms
Unionists felt their position was under threat because Nationalists were getting too much power which could lead to a aunties Ireland
Who were some key figures in relation to the People’s Democracy
Michael Farrell and Bernadette Devlin
What were the People’s Democracy’s aims
- One Man One Vote
- Fair boundaries
- Houses on need
- Jobs in merit
- Free speech
- Repeal of the Special Powers Act
What happened on the 4th January 1969
The People’s Democracy marched from Belfast to Londonderry and were ambushed by retired B-Specials . This put O’Neill under more pressure and got him sympathy from NICRA and Nationalists.
When did the People’s Democracy emerge
They emerged in 1969
Why was the People’s Democracy set up
Set up as they were unhappy at the violence NICRA faced. They wanted all 7 aims not 5. Wanted to continue to put pressure on the government
Who was the British PM who the PIRA tried to kill in the Brighton bombing
Margaret Thatcher
Who was the British PM who signed the 1998 Good Friday Agreement
Tony Blair
Who was the British PM who introduced direct rule in 1972
Heath
Who was the British PM who made “Spongers” speech in 1974
John Major
Who was the British PM who signed 1993 Downing Street Declaration
Harold Wilson
Who was the Irish PM who signed the 1993 Downing Street Declaration
Albert Reynolds
Who was the PIRA leader in the H Blocks during the Hunger Strikes
Bobby Sands
Who was the Irish PM who signed the Anglo-Irish Agreement
Fitzgerald
Who was the NI PM who resigned in March 1972
Faulkner
Who was the NI PM who resigned in 1974
Faulkner
When was the start of direct rule
24th March 1972
When was the Sunningdale agreement
9th December 1973
When was the start of the Power Sharing Executive
1st January 1974
When was the end of UWC strike
29th May 1974
When was the start of the Hunger Strikes
27th October 1980
When was the Unionist protest rally against 1985 Anglo-Irish Agreement
November 23rd 1985
When was the signing of the Downing Street Declaration
December 1993
When was the PIRA ceasefire
August 1994
When was the Loyalist ceasefire
October 1994
When was the first meeting of the NI Assembly
July 1998
What was the Nationalist reaction to the start of Direct Rule
They liked it because discrimination stopped and Stormont closed
What was the PIRA reaction to the start of Direct Rule
They were against it because English Government were in control
Why did the UUUC hate the Sunningdale Agreement
They disliked it because it gave the Republic of Ireland power (Council of Ireland)
What actions were taken by UWC in 1974
Power cuts, fuel shortages and road blocks
What was the reason for the hunger strike
Political prisoner status was removed
What was the unionist reaction to hunger strike
They were opposed because ether saw them as terrorists
What was the major term of the 1985 Anglo-Irish Agreement
It gave Ireland a say in NI
What was the unionist response to the 1985 Anglo-Irish Agreement
They were opposed
What was the major term 1993 Downing Street Declaration
A United Ireland couldn’t be forced unless there was a majority vote
What were some terms of the 1998 Good Friday Agreement
Power Sharing Executive set up and NI assembly set up
Which 5 groups were at the Sunningdale Agreement meeting
- Westminster
- SDLP
- APNI
- Irish Government
- OUP
Who were the UUUC
They were the United Ulster Unionist Council
Why were the UUUC not at the Sunningdale Agreement meeting
They opposed the Power Sharing Executive
How did the SDLP and OUP react to the Sunningdale Agreement
They disliked it as it made a United Ireland more likely
How did the UUUC react to the Sunningdale Agreement
They didn’t want a power sharing executive
How did the IRA react to the Sunningdale Agreement
They disliked and bombed London a week before Christmas
How many people were killed on the 17th May 1974 in the strikes
27 people killed
When did the power sharing executive start
January 1974
What was the “spongers” speech and who gave it
The speech said that all NI people do is live off the British ad it was given by Wilson
What happened after the army was ordered into NI
After the army was ordered to take control of petrol stations. As a result the UWC did a total shutdown of NI
What happened in the February 1974 election
UUUC won most votes and labour won the election
What happened on the 14th May 1974
UUUC stoked with UWC to bring down PSE. UDA involved in the strikes and trade unions involved in the strikes
What did strikers do in 1974
Strikers put up roadblocks and rationed food
What were political prisoners
Some prisoners were given privileges and weren’t treated like they were in a prison known as political prisoners
What was the blanket protest
This was when the IRA and INLA prisoners refused to wear their prison uniforms
What was the dirty protest
Where prisoners willingly chose to urinate or defecate without the use of proper facilities
When was the start of the second hunger strikes
1981
What changed in the second hunger strikes
They didn’t all strike at once so it was longer and the impact greater
What election did Bobby Sands win
1981 Tyrone election
Who was the leader of the hunger strikes
Bobby Sands
When did Bobby Sands die
5th May 1981
When did the hunger strikes end
3rd October 1981
Why did the hunger strikes stop
Prisoners didn’t have to wear uniforms anymore, special category status reinstated and more visits more often.
Who was the GB PM who dealt with the strikes
Margaret Thatcher
Did the unionists support the hunger strikes or the GB PM
The unionists didn’t support the strikes and instead supported the GB PM as they feared increasing paramilitary violence
Did the nationalists support the hunger strikes or the GB PM
Nationalists supported the strikes and not the GB government actions. Their support for PIRA also didn’t grow
Who took over the SDLP after the hungers strikes
John Humes
Who in Sinn Fein wanted peaceful protests
Gerry Adams and Martin McGuinas
