GCSE Medicine Booklet 3 Flashcards
What was the population size in 1801 and then in 1901?
16.3 miliion and then 41.6 million
What did Bentham believe?
It wasn’t the government’s job to interfere with people’s lives.
What did Chadwick believe?
It was the government’s job to interfere with people’s lives.
What was Louis Pasteur the first to do?
Establish a link between disease and germs.
What did Pasteur’s initial research do?
He argued that micro-organisms caused disease and he developed a vaccine for rabies based on researching chicken cholera.
What was Pasteur’s nickname?
The father of micro-biology.
What was pasteurisation?
Heating liquids to kill germs e.g. milk.
What did Koch discover?
A way of staining bacteria to make it visible under the microscope.
What germ did Koch discover?
The bacillus germ in 1891,which caused diptheria, and a serum to treat it in 1894.
What was Paul Erlich’s major contribution to germ theory?
Salvarsan 606, in 1910, as a treatment for syphilis.
What were magic bullets?
carefully designed drugs designed to target and kill specific germs causing illness.
What 19th century technological improvements helped medicine?
Stethoscopes, thermometers, microscopes and X-Ray machines, from 1895.
What was Laudanum? It was recommended in Mrs Beeton’s book, The Book of Household Managament in 1861.
90% alcohol and 10% opium.
When did Aspirin go on sale in Britain?
1899
Which chemist opened in the 19th century?
Boots
How did mortality rates from surgery change in the 19th century?
Fell from 40% to 10%
What gas did Sir Humphrey Davy use to relieve pain in operations?
Nitrous Oxide - laughing gas
What gas did Robert Liston use during a leg amputation?
Ether
What anaesthetic did James Simpson start using in 1847?
Chloroform
Who was a famous user of chloroform?
Queen Victoria used it during childbirth in 1853.
What problems were there with 19th century anaesthetics?
Operations weren’t safer, it was hard to get doses correct, infections still happened, ether could ignite.
What did Joseph Lister discover?
That germs got into wounds due to dirty hospitals. He sterised operations with carbolic acid and reduced death rates from 46% to 15% in three years. Known as the father of antiseptic surgery.
What was aseptic surgery invented by Charles Chamberland?
Germ free environment, steam sterised equipment, staff scrubbed in.
What did Berkeley Moyniham start using in surgery?
Rubber gloves.
How many specialist hospitals were there in London by 1860?
36
How did Florence Nightingale improve hospitals in the Crimean War?
Cleaned them up and death rate fell from 40% to just 2%
How did she improve nursing after the Crimean War?
Write the book called Notes on Nursing, set up a nurse training school at St Thomas’ Hospital and wrote Notes on Hospitals in 1863 which explained how to keep hospitals clean.
What was the life expectancy for rich and poor in Bethnal Green , London in 1842?
Rich 45 and poor 16
What was the child death rate in Manchester in the 1840s?
57% died before their 5th birthday.
What disease did young chimney sweeps suffer from?
Scrotal cancer
What disease did young girls in match factories suffer from?
Phossy Jaw, jaw cancer and brain damage.
Why did parliament have to leave London in 1858?
The Great Stink caused by the polluted Thames.
What famous man died of Typhoid in 1861?
Prince Albert.
What disease, caused by malnutrition, was called the English disease?
Rickets.
How many people died from cholera in 1831, 1848 and 1854?
1831 -50000, 1848 - 60,000 and 1854 - 20000
Who discovered the causes of cholera from an infected water pump in Broad Street, London?
John Snow
How many people died due to the infected water pump in Broad Street, London?
In the first 10 days over 700 people died.
How did Snow prove that the water was spreading cholera?
He removed the water pump handle and the spread of the disease stopped.
How did Snow’s careful scientific experimentation influence the government?
The government published the Public Helath Act of 1875 and the Sanitary Act of 1866
What book did Edwin Chadwick write in 1842 which linked poor living conditions with disease?
Report on the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population
What was the Clean Party?
A group pushing for the government to improve conditions in towns.
What was the Dirty Party?
A group pushing for the government to ignore conditions in towns due to costs. They were mainly wealthy tax payers.
Who set up Ragged Schools to help poor children?
Dr Barnardo
What happened in Ragged Schools?
Meals provided, evening classes, Sunday school, wood chopping brigade, training as servants, fresh air fund, immigration schemes to provide a new life in Canada or Australia.
What did the 1848 Public Health Act do?
Created a Central Board of Health, urged local concils to clean up towns, inspected lodgings houses and food quality.
What did Joseph Bazalgette do?
Built 83 miles of sewers under London which removed 420 million tonnes per day.
What did the 1866 Sanitary Act do?
made local governemnt responsible for sewers, water and street cleaning.
What did the 1875 Housing Act do?
Local government redeveloped slums and knocked down bad housing.
What did the 1875 Public Health Act do?
Local councils fored to provide clean water and have health inspectors. Collect rubbish, cover sewers, regulate food and provide street lights.
What did the 1875 Food and Drug Act do?
Regulated food and medicine to make it safer.
