GCSE Medicine Booklet 1 Flashcards
What caused St Anthony’s disease?
Fungus in bread
What percentage of chidren, in medieval times, died before the age of seven?
30%
How did medieval people try to cure rheumatism?
Wear a donkey skin
What was Bald’s Leechbook?
A 10th century medical text
What theory did Hippocrates establish?
The Four Humours
How did Hippocrates influence later medicine?
He wrote 60 books and his ideas were used in Western medicine for centuries
Where did Galen learn about anatomy?
He worked in a gladiator school,in Rome, treating injuries
How did Galen affect later medicine?
His books were used as university text books and they taught dissection
Which Arab doctor wrote the first description of smallpox symptoms?
Rhazes
Which Arab doctor wrote the book called The Book of Healing and The Canon of Medicine?
Avicenna
What medical equipment did Islamic doctors invent?
Sticting and scalpels
What are the Four Humours?
Blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile
Some people believed that God made diseases but also provided herbal cures. What was this idea called?
The Doctrine of Signatures
What did medieval religious people think caused illnesses and epidemics?
An individual or a whole society were leading sinful lives
What herb was used to break up kidney stones?
Saxifrage
Who carried out minor operations such as pulling teeth?
A Barber-surgeon
What would an apothecary sell?
He would sell simples – a medicine made of one herb or compounds which were a combination of ingredients e.g. red rose and bamboo juice for treating smallpox
Which women would provide medical care in medieval times?
Wise woman, the lady of the manor and nuns
What were the two main charts used by physicians to diagnose illness?
Urine charts and Zodiac charts
What were the two methods of bleeding done by medical people?
Cupping (slicing a vein) and Leeches
What did people believed caused tooth ache?
A tooth worm
Why was the Catholic church important in medical care in medieval times?
The church encouraged people to prayer for deliverance from illness, people could buy indulgences (special prayers) and go on a pilgrimage to special shrines for a cure, monks and nuns treated people and copied out medical books.
Can you name famous medieval shrines?
The most famous pilgrimage was to the Holy Land, but in England you could visit Canterbury, Walsingham, Glastonbury or the Priory at Bridlington where St John of Bridlington’s grave was a source of miracles.
How many hospitals did the church set up in the 12th and 13th centuries?
160
What places of learning did The Church help to establish?
The church set up university schools of medicine in Europe where physicians were trained using the texts of Galen and Hippocrates
How did the medieval church limit medical progress?
The church made it difficult for scholars to dissect human bodies, the church’s insistence that Galen’s work should be used limited progress in understanding the human body, Scientists who tried to challenge Galen’s work were often arrested e.g. Roger Bacon
What was cauterisation?
Cauterisation, where very hot metal was applied to wounds to stop bleeding and was often painful or fatal
What diagram was used to treat wounds caused by weapons?
The Woundman
What did Robert Grosseteste encourage?
Scientific enquiry and experiment.
How did Bishop Lanfranc assist medicine?
Bishop Lanfranc constructed a decent house of stone. He divided the main building into two, one for ill men and the other for women in a bad state of health. He made arrangements for their clothing and daily food.
What medieval hospital helped prgnant women?
St Bartholomew’s Hospital, London ,1123
Which hospital helped “poor and silly people”.
St Mary of Bethlehem, 1247
Why were medieval towns so unhealthy?
Close housing, No waste disposal, contaminated rivers, buthcher’s waste in the streets, cesspits for human waste next to wells, animals roamed the streets, rotting food was sold, clothes were very dirty, people drank “small beer”.
Which medieval town tried to clean up?
Coventry
How did Coventry improve its public health?
Every man cleaned the street in front of his house, 1420 waste collection started, waste pits and dung hills were moved outside the town, toilets over the stream were banned and buthchers were stopped from throwing animal parts into waterways.
List 5 causes of the plague, according to medieval people.
Bad smells, Four Humours out of balance, comets, planet alignment, Jews poisoning water, wearing fancy clothes, sin, dancing in the streets, long hair, Miasma (evil spirits), God is angry, earthquakes in China
How did people try to avoid the plague?
Praying, burning tall candles, avoid baths, avoid sex, clean filth from streets, bathe in urine, attend church
How did people treat the plague?
Pop buboes, attach a live chicken to the buboes, drink a mixture of vinegar and mercury, flagellation, bleeding
What were the results of the Black Death?
Wages increased for the workers left alive, 1:3 people died, Workers rights improved, many religious people died, towns became deserted
How did Islam improve medicine?
translated medical books, used clinical observation, understood hygiene, set up hospitals
How did Islam hinder medicine?
banned dissection, prayed to Allah as a cure
What did Ibn al - Nafis discover
He discovered how blood was circulated
Who was the most famous Muslim surgeon?
Abulcasis
What was the most common cause of death during surgery in medieval times?
Pus and infection
Which Italin wrote surgical books such as Cyrurgia which encouarged a more antispetic approach to surgery?
Theodoric of Lucca
