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HCHS GCSE History > GCSE Medicine Booklet 3 > Flashcards

GCSE Medicine Booklet 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the population size in 1801 and then in 1901?

A

16.3 million and then 41.6 million

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2
Q

What did Bentham believe?

A

It wasn’t the government’s job to interfere with people’s lives.

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3
Q

What did Chadwick believe?

A

It was the government’s job to interfere with people’s lives.

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4
Q

What was Louis Pasteur the first to do?

A

Establish a link between disease and germs.

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5
Q

What did Pasteur’s initial research do?

A

He argued that micro-organisms caused disease and he developed a vaccine for rabies based on researching chicken cholera.

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6
Q

What was Pasteur’s nickname?

A

The father of micro-biology.

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7
Q

What was pasteurisation?

A

Heating liquids to kill germs e.g. milk.

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8
Q

What did Koch discover?

A

A way of staining bacteria to make it visible under the microscope.

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9
Q

What germ did Koch discover?

A

The bacillus germ in 1891, which caused diphtheria, and a serum to treat it in 1894.

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10
Q

What was Paul Erlich’s major contribution to germ theory?

A

Salvarsan 606, in 1910, as a treatment for syphilis.

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11
Q

What were magic bullets?

A

carefully designed drugs designed to target and kill specific germs causing illness.

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12
Q

What 19th century technological improvements helped medicine?

A

Stethoscopes, thermometers, microscopes and X-Ray machines, from 1895.

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13
Q

What was Laudanum? It was recommended in Mrs Beeton’s book, The Book of Household Managament in 1861.

A

90% alcohol and 10% opium.

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14
Q

When did Aspirin go on sale in Britain?

A

1899

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15
Q

Which chemist opened in the 19th century?

A

Boots

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16
Q

How did mortality rates from surgery change in the 19th century?

A

Fell from 40% to 10%

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17
Q

What gas did Sir Humphrey Davy use to relieve pain in operations?

A

Nitrous Oxide - laughing gas

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18
Q

What gas did Robert Liston use during a leg amputation?

A

Ether

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19
Q

What anaesthetic did James Simpson start using in 1847?

A

Chloroform

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20
Q

Who was a famous user of chloroform?

A

Queen Victoria used it during childbirth in 1853.

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21
Q

What problems were there with 19th century anaesthetics?

A

Operations weren’t safer, it was hard to get doses correct, infections still happened, ether could ignite.

22
Q

What did Joseph Lister discover?

A

That germs got into wounds due to dirty hospitals. He sterised operations with carbolic acid and reduced death rates from 46% to 15% in three years. Known as the father of antiseptic surgery.

23
Q

What was aseptic surgery invented by Charles Chamberland?

A

Germ free environment, steam sterised equipment, staff scrubbed in.

24
Q

What did Berkeley Moyniham start using in surgery?

A

Rubber gloves.

25
Q

How many specialist hospitals were there in London by 1860?

A

36

26
Q

How did Florence Nightingale improve hospitals in the Crimean War?

A

Cleaned them up and death rate fell from 40% to just 2%

27
Q

How did Florence Nightingale improve nursing after the Crimean War?

A

Write the book called Notes on Nursing, set up a nurse training school at St Thomas’ Hospital and wrote Notes on Hospitals in 1863 which explained how to keep hospitals clean.

28
Q

What was the life expectancy for rich and poor in Bethnal Green , London in 1842?

A

Rich 45 and poor 16

29
Q

What was the child death rate in Manchester in the 1840s?

A

57% died before their 5th birthday.

30
Q

What disease did young chimney sweeps suffer from?

A

Scrotal cancer

31
Q

What disease did young girls in match factories suffer from?

A

Phossy Jaw, jaw cancer and brain damage.

32
Q

Why did parliament have to leave London in 1858?

A

The Great Stink caused by the polluted Thames.

33
Q

What famous man died of Typhoid in 1861?

A

Prince Albert.

34
Q

What disease, caused by malnutrition, was called the English disease?

A

Rickets

35
Q

How many people died from cholera in 1831, 1848 and 1854?

A

1831 -50000, 1848 - 60,000 and 1854 - 20000

36
Q

Who discovered the causes of cholera from an infected water pump in Broad Street, London?

A

John Snow

37
Q

How many people died due to the infected water pump in Broad Street, London?

A

In the first 10 days over 700 people died.

38
Q

How did Snow prove that the water was spreading cholera?

A

He removed the water pump handle and the spread of the disease stopped.

39
Q

How did Snow’s careful scientific experimentation influence the government?

A

The government published the Public Helath Act of 1875 and the Sanitary Act of 1866

40
Q

What book did Edwin Chadwick write in 1842 which linked poor living conditions with disease?

A

Report on the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population

41
Q

What was the Clean Party?

A

A group pushing for the government to improve conditions in towns.

42
Q

What was the Dirty Party?

A

A group pushing for the government to ignore conditions in towns due to costs. They were mainly wealthy tax payers.

43
Q

Who set up Ragged Schools to help poor children?

A

Dr Barnardo

44
Q

What happened in Ragged Schools?

A

Meals provided, evening classes, Sunday school, wood chopping brigade, training as servants, fresh air fund, immigration schemes to provide a new life in Canada or Australia.

45
Q

What did the 1848 Public Health Act do?

A

Created a Central Board of Health, urged local concils to clean up towns, inspected lodgings houses and food quality.

46
Q

What did Joseph Bazalgette do?

A

Built 83 miles of sewers under London which removed 420 million tonnes per day.

47
Q

What did the 1866 Sanitary Act do?

A

made local governemnt responsible for sewers, water and street cleaning.

48
Q

What did the 1875 Housing Act do?

A

Local government redeveloped slums and knocked down bad housing.

49
Q

What did the 1875 Public Health Act do?

A

Local councils fored to provide clean water and have health inspectors. Collect rubbish, cover sewers, regulate food and provide street lights.

50
Q

What did the 1875 Food and Drug Act do?

A

Regulated food and medicine to make it safer.

HCHS GCSE History (13 decks)

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