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Biology > GCSE basic Knowledge > Flashcards

GCSE basic Knowledge Flashcards

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0
Q

What does protease catalyse the breakdown of?

A

Proteins into amino acids in the stomach and small intestine

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1
Q

Where is protease produced?

A

The stomach, pancrease and small intestine

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2
Q

Where is lipase produced?

A

The pancreas and small intestine

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3
Q

What does lipase catalyse the breakdown of?

A

Lipids (fats and oils) to fatty acids and glycerol

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4
Q

Where is soluble food absorbed?

A

Small intestine

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5
Q

Where are stem cells found?

A

In the human embryo and in adult bone marrow

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6
Q

How is a leaf cell adapted to carry out photosynthesis?

A

The leaf has mesophyll tissue. The mesophyll cells contain chloroplasts which can photosynthesise

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7
Q

How should you place a quadrat to investigate the distribution of organisms? How?

A

Choose places randomly. Do so by throwing the quadrat over back, eyes shut, grid with random numbers

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8
Q

Name three substances used for storage in plants

A

Starch, fats and oils

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9
Q

What is an allele?

A

Genes controlling the same characteristic

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10
Q

What happens in the circulatory system when you exercise?

A

The heart rate increases and the blood vessels supplying the muscles dilate. This allows more blood containing oxygen and glucose to reach muscles

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11
Q

What does a gene code for?

A

The order of amino acids in a protein

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12
Q

Muscles store glucose as glycogen. What happens to glycogen when you exercise?

A

It is converted bacteria to glucose for use

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13
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Two identical cells being produced from the original cell. A copy of each chromosome is made beforehand

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14
Q

Where is amylase produced?

A

Salivary glands, pancreas and small intestine

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15
Q

What does amylase catalyse the process of?

A

The digestion of starch into sugars in the mouth and small intestine

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16
Q

What happens in the large intestine?

A

Water is absorbed from the undigested food, producing faeces

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17
Q

What is meiosis?

A

4 sex cells are made each with a single set of chromosomes. A copy of each chromosome is made beforehand and the cell divides twice

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18
Q

What are the advantages of using isomerase immobilised in a column of beads? (3 reasons)

A

The product is not contaminated. The enzyme can be reused. Continuous flow process possible

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19
Q

In which organs does digestion occur?

A

Stomach and small intestine

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20
Q

Which scientist worked out how characteristics are inherited?

A

Gregor Mendel

21
Q

What is meant by genetic variation?

A

The wide range of alleles that control the characteristics in a population

22
Q

Why would manufacturers of slimming food put fructose instead of glucose in dies sweets?

A

You use less fructose to achieve the same sweetness

23
Q

What is the role of a stem cell?

A

To change into other types of cell for the body to use

24
Q

What is the “oxygen debt”?

A

The extra oxygen required to break down the remaining lactic acid to CO2 and water

25
Q

Why does each chromosome become two strands before the cell divides?

A

One copy of each chromosome to each offspring cell

26
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The diffusion of water. No energy required unlike active transport

27
Q

Which enzyme is used to convert glucose into fructose?

A

Isomerase

28
Q

What does a cell membrane do?

A

It controls the movement of materials in and out of the cell

29
Q

Scientists are uncertain about how life started on earth. Explain why.

A

There is a lack of valid evidence. Because the early organisms’ remains were destroyed by geological action.

30
Q

What is speciation?

A

When two populations can no longer successfully interbreed.

31
Q

Why do reactions take place faster when it’s warmer?

A

At higher temperatures, the molecules move around more quickly and so collide with each other more often and with more energy.

32
Q

What is genotype?

A

The genetic make-up. The alleles the individual inherits: DD, Dd or dd.

33
Q

What does the liver produce?

A

Bile. It is squirted into the small intestine to neutralise the stomach acid. Makes the condition slightly alkaline.

34
Q

If a cell has many ribosomes, what could its function be?

A

Gland cells to produce enzymes.

35
Q

Where is the genetic material kept in a bacterial cell since it does not have a nucleus?

A

Cytoplasm.

36
Q

What is phenotype?

A

Physical appearance of the characteristic, i.e, dimples or no dimples, eye colour…

37
Q

Which sex chromosome are found in human males?

A

X and Y (XY)

38
Q

What is the substance produced by the stomach to make the conditions the right pH (acidic) for enzyme action?

A

Hydrochloric acid (HCl)

39
Q

What are the stages in Speciation?

A
  1. Isolation of the two groups. 2. Genetic variation in the groups; alleles are selected which give an advantage. 3. Interbreeding no longer possible.
40
Q

What is tissue culture?

A

Tissue culture is taking small groups of cells from part of a plant and growing then under special conditions. It’s more expensive. Can be used to produce large numbers of rare or top quality plants.

41
Q

What is a detritivore?

A

Detritivores are heterotrophs that obtain nutrients by consuming detritus (decomposing plant and animal parts as well as feces).

42
Q

Give an example of a detritus feeder

A

Worm

43
Q

What are the main kingdoms of living organisms?

A

The main kingdoms are: the plant kingdom, the animal kingdom, the kingdom that contain the microorganisms

44
Q

Name a quick, cheap way of cloning plants

A

Taking cuttings from mature plants is a quick and cheap way of cloning

45
Q

Why is it more difficult to successfully clone animals than plants?

A

Animal embryos must be split into groups of cells and each group is transplanted into a host “mother”. There have to be enough hosts and some embryos may die during development. It also takes longer for animals to develop.

46
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

Asexual reproduction does not involve the fusion of gametes. All the genetic information comes from 1 parent. There is little variety and the offsprings are called clones.

47
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of gametes. There is a mixing of genetic information so the offspring show variation. The offspring cannot be identical.

48
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Chromosomes are thread-like structures found in the nucleus of a cell. The carry the genes.

49
Q

What do genes control?

A

Genes control the development of characteristics such as eye colour or thumb shape.

Biology (9 decks)

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