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Medical English > Gatvošanās eksāmenam > Flashcards

Gatvošanās eksāmenam Flashcards

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Proverbs and Idioms flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Bacteriemia

A

presence of bacteria in the blood

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2
Q

erythropoiesis

A

term to describe the process of red blood cell formation in the bone marrow

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3
Q

erythropoietin

A

hormone produced ny the kidneys that controls erythropoiesis. People with kidney disease are often aneamic because they fail to produce the hormone

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4
Q

fibrinogen

A

a protein produced by the liver that circulates in the plasma as a plasma protein. When fibrinogen encounters activated platelets it attaches and is converted into fibrin as part of the clotting process.

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5
Q

hematocrit

A

a commonly mesured blood value. The blood is spun in a centrifuge and the ratio of packed RBC’s to the total voluma is reported as the hematocrit. The abrivation of hematocrit is Hct. . The value is normally reported at a percentage is as Hct = 48%. Normal values: males (38% - 51%), females (36% - 47%) (hemato = blood, crit = to separate).

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6
Q

Hemophilia

A

An x-linked genetic condition, seen primarily in males, which prevents normal blood clotting.

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7
Q

Hemostasis

A

this term refers to the body’s ability to stop blood flow from a broken or cut blood vessel.

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8
Q

Normocytic

A

A description of the blood taht has the normal amount of erythrocytes

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9
Q

Platelets

A

These are small cell fragments that have the ability to cluster in areas of vessel injuries and create a physical barrier to blood flow trhough the injured vessel

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10
Q

polycythemia

A

a condition in which too many RBC’s are proudced and the RBS count and hematiocrit becomes much higher than normal. The condition makes the blood very viscous and puts extra strain on the heart because of the extra resistance to blood flow caused by the increased viscosity.

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11
Q

Reticulocytes

A

Immature red blood cells that still have their nucleus. Normally reticulocytes extrude their nucleus and become erythrocytes oustide the circulation and then the erythrocyte enters the circulation. When reticulocytes are seen in the circulation it is a sign of rapid RBC production

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12
Q

Septicemia

A

blood infection caused by a pathogenic bacterium

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13
Q

Aneurysm

A

If an area of weakened artery begins to enlarge, bulge or distend the bulging or distended area ir called and aneurysm. If a medium sized artery aneurysm ruptures the patient will usually bleed to death before surgical intervention is possible. Aneurysms are often detected when they produced secondary symptoms caused by pressure they put on nearby structures.

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14
Q

Angina pectoris

A

an ischemic condition of the heart which can pruduce chest pain of exertion

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15
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

This condition develops when arterial walls become thickened and less elastic. The loss of elasticity can often be seen in the pulse pressure.

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16
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

A type of arteriosclerosis in which there are degenerative changes in the lining of the blood vessel. The changes often take the forms of plaques. These elevated plaques present danger because that can trigger thrombus formation.

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17
Q

Embolus

A

A blood clot that has broken free of a vessel wall and is circulating with the blood. These clots often form in the deep veins of the legs where blood flow is slow (sluggish). When they break free and eneter the circulation they can pass though the right atrium, the right ventricle and enter the arterial side of the pulmonary circulation.

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18
Q

Mitral valve prolapse

A

a condition in which the mitral valve fails to close properly

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19
Q

pericarditis

A

the heart rest in a fluid filled sac within the mediastinum. The sac is called the pericardium. When the sac and its fluid contents become inflamed the condition is called pericarditis

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20
Q

valvular stenosis

A

narrowing of the heart valve. Stenosis often lead to high piched whistling type murmur.

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21
Q

binge

A

brief excessive consumption of food

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22
Q

cholecystitis

A

inflammation of the gallbladder

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23
Q

cholelithiasis

A

presence of gasllstones in the gallbladder or bile ducts

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24
Q

chyme

A

food that has been swallowed and has mixed with water and digestive enzymes and is passing though the small intestines. As the chyme exits the small intestines and is dehydrated by the large intestines it becomes feces.

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25
Q

chirrosis

A

a liver condition (disease) characterized by an increase in the amount of connective tissue.

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26
Q

colitis

A

inflammation of the colon

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27
Q

colostomy

A

an opening from the colon though the abdominal wall. The opening allows the contents of the colon to exit and by-pass a distal diseased or injured region

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28
Q

diverticulosis

A

a condition of sac-like (pockets) herniation of mucosa of the colon

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29
Q

enteritis

A

inflammation of the small intestines

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30
Q

gestroenteritis

A

inflammation of the stomach and small intestines

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31
Q

gestrooesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

A

A condition in which a weak or damaged lower esophageal sphincter allows the acidic contents of the stomach to reflux into the lower part of the esophagus which causes inflammation and damage to the mucosal lining

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32
Q

gingiva

A

gums or mucosa of the mouth on the mandible and maxilla

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33
Q

hemorrhoids

A

an itching, painful mass of dialated veins either just inside the anal sphincter or protruding outside the anal sphincter. Hemorrhoids are common cause frank bleeding during defecation. The condition is associated with excessive straining during defecation.

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34
Q

Laxative

A

a medicine or agnet used to relieve constipation, also called purgative

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35
Q

mumps

A

a viral infection of the parotid salvary gland. The secom M in the MMR vaccine.

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36
Q

peptic ulcer

A

erosion (ulcer) of the mucosa of the esophagus, stomach or duodenum caused by stomach acid

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37
Q

periodontal disease

A

disease of the priodontal ligament which holds each tooth in the alveoli of the mandible and maxilla. The result is loosing of the teeth in their sockets.

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38
Q

Acne

A

inflammation of the subaceous glands caused by an accumulation of secretions. The condition is oftern linked to Propionibacterium acnes and in severe cases can be treated with antibiotics.

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39
Q

Athlete’s foot (Tinea pedis)

A

A fungal skin infection, usually of the feet, which causes peeling and cracking of the skin between the toes.

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40
Q

Chicken pox

A

a ciral childhood disease that is spread, primarily via the respiratory system. The condition menifests itself as red ichy papules which appear 2 to 4 dyas after infection and pesist about 14 days. A vaccine is avalible.

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41
Q

Cold sores (fever blisters)

A

a viral condition that causes leasion around the mouth and lips and on the face. leasions heal in 1 to 3 weeks without any treatment. However, this is a reservoir disease and the leasions can return latter in life.

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42
Q

decubitis ulcer (bed or pressure sores)

A

Lesions which develop where pressure has reduced circulation to the tissues of the skin. Patients who are bedridden can develop these lesions in areas where the skin is compressed between bony prominences and the mattress.

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43
Q

Dermatitis

A

Inflammation of the layer of skin just below the epidermis. This area is knows as the papillary region of the dermis. There are many possible causes of dermatitis, including allergies and chemicals

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44
Q

Eczema (atopic)

A

Allergic dermatitis. This type of dermatitis is an allergic reaction to an enviromental stimulus.

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45
Q

Erysiplela

A

An acute bacterial infection of the dermis and hypodermis. The condition is most common in the old and in children. The bacteria often eneter the skin trhough small wounds.

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46
Q

Impetigo

A

A bacterial infection of the skin caused by Streptococcus pyogenes. The condition is most common in children and is ofter associated with insect bites and small skin traumas.

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47
Q

Mole

A

a congenital spot on the skin (nevus)

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48
Q

Psoriasis

A

Thought to be an immune-related disease, is is characterized by inflammation, redness and excessive proliferation of the skin in the involves areas.

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49
Q

Ringworm

A

A common, nonspecific name to fungal infections caused by species in the by Streptococcus pyogenes.

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50
Q

Rubella (German measles)

A

A viral infection usually spread by the respiratoru system. Sympotms include a fever and skin rash. In children the symptoms are usually mild and recovery is rapid and complete

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51
Q

Rubeola (red measles)

A

A higly contagious viral infection affecting mainly children. Even though Rubeola is called measels, it is much more serious disease than rubella. The fever, rash and respiratory symptoms are much more pronounced and bacterial respiratory complications are frequently seen.

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52
Q

Shingles

A

A skin condition that results from a reactivation of the latent virus which had preciously caused chicken pox during the patient’s youth. Chicken pox is caused by a member of the herpes family of viruses.

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53
Q

Urticaria (hives)

A

An allergic skin response to contact or ingestion of the offending allergen. The skin response usually take the form of raised wheals or welts and can last form few hours to weeks.

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54
Q

Wart

A

A small elevation of the skin which is frequanetly caused by the papomavirus.

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55
Q

Xerosis (dry skin)

A

A mild conditions that is usually treated symptomatically. Underlying conditions inculde dehydration, vitamin deficiencies and diabetes. The dry skin is often very itchy.

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56
Q

Botulism

A

Causes by a neurotoxin of the anaerobic bacteria Clostridium botulinum. The toxin bind to motor neurons supplying the muscle of the respiratory system and the other skeletam muscles of the body and prevents normal impulse transmission from reaching the muscles.

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57
Q

Cerebral palsy

A

A non-progressive non-contagious impairment of the muscles function stemming from damage to the motor cortex of the brain. Damage can occur during fetal development, during childbirth or during early post-natal development.

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58
Q

Charlie horse

A

A common non-techincal name for muscle cramp, especially of the leg and freaquently associated with the calf muscle at night.

59
Q

Muscle strain

A

An over extension or over exertion injury in which the muscle is torn

60
Q

Muscular dystrophy

A

A genetic condition in which there is progressive destruction od muscle issue which is replaces by scar tissue

61
Q

Myostitis

A

Inflammation of skeletal muscle tissue

62
Q

Pinched nerve

A

When a nerve is compressed between two structures ic can be referred to as a pinched nerve

63
Q

Tetanus

A

caused by the neurotoxin from the anaerobic bacteria Clostridium tetani. This is not a disease.

64
Q

Tendon

A

connective tissue strucutre which attaches muscles to bones

65
Q

Torticollis

A

A contracted state of the muscle associated with the cervical spina.

66
Q

Aphasia

A

Loss of previously held ability to speak and understand spoken and/or written language

67
Q

Ataxia

A

Loss of the ability to control muscle movements of the extremities

68
Q

Axon

A

Part od the neuron that carries electrical impusle toward the synapse and away from the cell body of the neuron

69
Q

Babinski sign (reflex)

A

The extension of the great toe in response to stoking the sole of the foot.

70
Q

Bell’s palsy

A

Unilateral paralysis of the facial nerve in response to MS or infections

71
Q

Blood brain barrier

A

The glial cells of the brain wrap themselves around the blood vessels that supplay the brain.

72
Q

Brain stem

A

Part of the brain between the spinal cord and the thalamus. It consists of the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata.

73
Q

Delirium

A

A transient condition associates with exaggerated emotions and disturbances in consciousness.

74
Q

Epidural block

A

Injection of anesthetic into epidural space of the spinal cord to produce anasthesia below the point of injection.

75
Q

Ganglia

A

A colletction of neuron cell bodies located outside the CNS

76
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

Also called water on the brain, this is condition in which there is an imbalance between the production of cerebrospinal fluid and its absorption, or when there is a blockage to the normal flow pathways of the CSF.

77
Q

Lumbar puncture

A

A procedure in which CSF is removed form the space around the spinal cord.

78
Q

Meninges

A

The brain and spinal cord are covered with three layers of tissue that stabilize and protect it.

79
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

A chronic, sometimes episodic, degenerative disease of the CNS. The disease affects the myelin sheath that surrounds neurons

80
Q

Myelin sheath

A

A lipid sheath that surrounds certain parts of certain neurons in the CNS and PNS.

81
Q

Myelography

A

An X-ray of the spinal cord taken after the injection of radiopaque substance into the subarchnoid space

82
Q

Nuclei

A

A collection of neuron cell bodies inside the CNS

83
Q

Paraplegia

A

Paralysis of the lower limbs due to a lower spinal cords injury or disease

84
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

A progressive disease of the CNS. The disease destorys the cells in a part of the brain stem. These cells release dopamine, one of the major neurotransmitters in the brain.

85
Q

Quadriplegia

A

Paralysis of the both the lower limbs and upper limbs due to an upper spinal cord injury or disease.

86
Q

Soma

A

Another name for the cell body of a neuron

87
Q

Atelectasis

A

A condition in which part of, or an entire lung collapses

88
Q

Bronchodilation

A

Relaxion of bronachial smooth muscle in response to a bronchodialtor medication

89
Q

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

A

Any of several chronic lung diseases that let to reduced alveolar aeration

90
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

An inhereted disease of the exocrine glands of the lungs and pancreas. Lung seceretions become too viscous to be eliminated form to lower respiratory system

91
Q

Emphysema

A

chronic, progressive disease which produces shortness of breath resulting from progressive destruction of gas exchange surfaces

92
Q

Epistaxis

A

nose bleed

93
Q

Expectorate

A

to cough material up from the respiratory passages and lungs

94
Q

Hemoptysis

A

coughing up of blood

95
Q

hoarse

A

Change in the quality of the voice when someone has a sore throat or laryngitis

96
Q

Hypercapnia

A

above normal CO2 levels in the blood

97
Q

Laryngotracheobronchitis (Croup)

A

An inflammation common in infants that causes brathing difficulty and causes the child to have hoarse cough

98
Q

Nebulization

A

Treatment for respiratory condition in which the medicine is presented in as a fine mist for inhalation

99
Q

Pleural effusion

A

An exudate of blood or lymph into the pleural cavity

100
Q

Phlegm

A

Thick mucus secreted by the respiatory passages which can be coughed up

101
Q

Pneumonia

A

Infection of the lung lobules characterized by accumulation of fluid in alveoli, edema of bronchioles, or brochiolespasm. The result is diminished airflow and gas exchange.

102
Q

Pneumothorax

A

An opening in the thoracic wall that allows air into the pleural cavity

103
Q

Pulmonary edema

A

A condition in which pressures in the pulmonary circulation increase to a point that fluids begin to accumulate in the interstitial space around alveoli

104
Q

Pulmonary embolism

A

Blocage of pulmonary artery by a blood clot

105
Q

Purulent

A

a discharge containing pus

106
Q

Respiratory distress syndrome

A

A condition resulting form inadequet production of surfactant, which results in the collapse if alveoli and reduction of gas exchange

107
Q

Rhinitis

A

Inflammation of the mucosa lining the nose and nasopharynx

108
Q

Sinusitis

A

Inflammation of the mucosa lining the sinuses

109
Q

Sputum

A

mucus mixed with pus expectorated form the respiaroty passages

110
Q

Stridor

A

a harsh creacking respiratory sound created by obstructive respiratory conditions

111
Q

Thoracentesis

A

Removal of a sample of pleural fluid for diagnostic purposes or to relieve fluid build-up

112
Q

Tracheostomy

A

Insertion of the tube through an opening cut in the anterior wall of the trachea.

113
Q

Wheeze

A

High pitched respiratory sound produced when air is forced through narrowed passageways.

114
Q

Arthritis

A

An inflammatory condition of joints

115
Q

Grennstick fracture

A

A type of fracture in which the fracture is incomplete and occurs only on one side. This is more common in children since there bones are not as brittle as those of an adult.

116
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

Inflammation of bone usually caused by a bacterial infection

117
Q

Osteopenia

A

A reduction in bone density due to the loss of calcium

118
Q

Osteoporosis

A

The bone cells that make new bone are called osteoblasts, while the cells that destroy bone are called osteoclasts.

119
Q

Pott’s fracture

A

Type of fracture which the medial malleolus of the tibia and fibula are both broken

120
Q

Reduction

A

The correction of a bone fracture.

121
Q

Rickets

A

A common childhood disease in developing countries, it is caused by nutritional deficiencies in calcium and vitamin D or severe malunutrition in general

122
Q

Spiral fracture

A

A common sports fracture resulting from twisting injury which produces a ‘‘cork screw’’ fracture line that spirals up the long axis of the bone.

123
Q

Catheterization

A

The process of placing a catheter into the bladder to drain urine from the bladder.

124
Q

Clean catch

A

Method used to get urine sample

125
Q

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)

A

A process in which clean dialysis fluid is introduced into the peritoneal cavity with a catheter.

126
Q

Cystitis

A

Inflammation of the urinary bladder

127
Q

Dip stick urine tests

A

quick test for urine in which plastic strip with various reagents patches is immersed in a urine sample

128
Q

Dysuria

A

Difficult/painful urination

129
Q

Frequency

A

a symptom of cytitis in which the patient feels that they must urinate much more frequently than normal

130
Q

Glucosuria

A

Presence of glucose in the urine

131
Q

Gonorrhea

A

Type of urthritis caused by Neisseria gonorhoeae

132
Q

Hematuria

A

presence of blood in the urine

133
Q

Hemodialysis

A

The process in which the functions of the kindeys are replaced by a machine

134
Q

Incontinence

A

Inability to retain urine in the baldder

135
Q

Nosocomial

A

An infection acquried while in the hospital

136
Q

Proteinuria

A

Presence of protein in the urine

137
Q

Pyelogram

A

An X-ray of the kindey and the ureters

138
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

Inflammation of the kindey and renal pelvis

139
Q

Renal calculi (Kidney stones)

A

Kidney stondes are calcium deposits that precipitated from the urine. Most are small enough to flow through the system and exit in the urine. However, some can be large enough that they obstruct the flow of urine.

140
Q

Urethritis

A

Inflammation of the urethra

141
Q

Urgency

A

A symptom of cystitis in which the patient feel a strong desire to urinate

142
Q

Urinary obstruction

A

A situation in which something (calculi, tumor) blocks the flow of urine through some part of the flow pathway.

143
Q

Urinary tract infection UTI

A

An infection of the urinary tract usually caused by a bacteria, and usually of the urethra or urinary bladder. E. coli is the most common bacteria associated with this condition.

144
Q

Void

A

A verb use to describe the process of emptying the bladder.

Medical English (4 decks)

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