Gastrointestinal Tract

Question 1

Mechanical Digestion in the Horse in the Mouth?

Answer 1

Prehension and Mastication

Question 2

Chemical Digestion in the Mouth?

Answer 2

Bolus Formation (saliva and diastema)

Question 3

How do horses swallow?

Answer 3

Voluntary=
Epiglottis, Larynx and Tongue used
Reflex=
soft palate elevates, peristalsis (waves) and cardiac sphincter (between oesophagus and stomach) relaxation)

Question 4

Regions of the horses stomach in order?

Answer 4

• cardiac sphincter
  -esophageal region
  -cardiac gland region
  -fundic-gland region
  -pyloric-gland region
  -pyloric sphincter

Question 5

The oesophageal region in the stomach?

Answer 5

-non-glandular
- small carbohydrate fermentation
-secretes mucus

Question 6

What do G-cells in the glandular region of the stomach produce?

Answer 6

Polypeptide Hormone= Gastrin

Question 7

What do Parietal cell produce in the glandular region of the stomach?

Answer 7

Hydrogen Chloride

Question 8

What do Zymogen cells produce within the glandular region of the stomach?

Answer 8

Pepsinogen (stimulated by hydrogen chloride to produce Pepsin)

Question 9

The Fundic region in the stomach?

Answer 9

• glandular
• produces gastric secretions (glandular cells release +mucus)

Question 10

The pyloric region of the stomach?

Answer 10

-glandular
-secrets mucus
produces enzymes

Question 11

Major functions of the small intestine?

Answer 11

-mucus, enzymes, alkalis, hormones, bile ect.
-mixing
-carbohydrate and lipid digestion
-control flow
-transportation
-Absorption

Question 12

What are the sections of the small intestine called?

Answer 12

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Question 13

Formation of Mucosa lining of the SI?

Answer 13

-epithelial cells
-lymph nodes (payers patches)
-crypts of Lieberkuhn (secrete alkali fluid)
-Muscularis mucosa (thin muscle)

Question 14

Formation of Submucosa lining of the SI?

Answer 14

-Brunner’s gland (Duodenum)
- Blood vessels

Question 15

Role of circular and longitudinal muscle in the SI?

Answer 15

-peristalsis
auerbachs plexus (establish muscle layers)

Question 16

Contaminants of the caecum?

Answer 16

bacteria, protozoa and fungi

Question 17

Role of the caecum?

Answer 17

-Fermentation of insoluble carbohydrates
-synthesis of microbial proteins
-Synthesis of B vitamins

Question 18

The hindgut contains …

Answer 18

-caecum
-ascending colon
-transverse colon
-descending colon

Question 19

The function of the hindgut?

Answer 19

-Fermentation
- Water absorption
-Mixing
Formation of faecal balls

Question 20

Process of chemical digestion in the mouth?

Answer 20

Carbohydrates= polysaccharide to disaccharide (enzyme cause)

Question 21

Process of chemical digestion in the stomach?

Answer 21

-protein = long chains to shot chained polypeptides (by pepsin)
- fat = fats to FAs and glycerol (by gastric lipase)

Question 22

Process of chemical digestion in the duodenum and ileum?

Answer 22

FATS
-large globular fats to smaller globular fats (by bile salts)
-triglyceride into 3 FAS and a monoglyceride (by pancreatic lipase)
CARBS
-starch to glucose and galactose (by sucrase, maltase and lactase)
PROTIENS
-protein to short polypeptide (by chromotrypsin and trypsin)
-polypeptide to amino acids (carboxypeptidase and aminopeptidase)

Question 23

What does the liver secrete?

Answer 23

-bile
-bicarbonate

Question 24

what does the pancreas secrete ?

Answer 24

-pancreatic juices containing proenzymes

Question 25

What is mammalian digestion?

Answer 25

Performed by the organism itself including chemical and physical digestion

Question 26

What is microbial digestion?

Answer 26

It is performed by bacteria and/or protozoa

Question 27

What is microbial protein?

Answer 27

formed by microbes for both their and the horses use from amino acids 5that enter the hindgut.