Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CPA > Gastrointestinal Systems + Abdomen > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Systems + Abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

what position should the patient be in for an Abdomen examination?

A
  • lying flat on the coach

- exposed from the waist up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What should you look for during inspection?

A
  • skin abnormalities
  • scars
  • masses
  • hernias
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does a sunken umbilicus suggest?

A

obesity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does a distended and everted umbilicus suggest?

A

umbilical hernia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What should you do during light palpation?

A
  • nine abdominal regions
  • monitor the face for pain
  • assess for tenderness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is in the right hypochondriac region?

A

gallbladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is in the left hypochondriac region?

A

pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is in the epigastric region?

A
  • stomach
  • duodenum
  • pancreas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is in the right lumbar region?

A

kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is in the left lumbar region?

A

kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is in the umbilicus region?

A
  • small bowel
  • caecum
  • retroperitoneal structures
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is in the right iliac fossa region?

A
  • appendix

- caecum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is in the left iliac fossa region?

A

sigmoid colon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is in the hypogastric region?

A
  • transverse colon
  • bladder
  • uterus + ovaries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What should you do before starting deep palpation?

A

warn the pressure that it may be uncomfortable, let them know to say when/if they want to stop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where do you palpate for the liver?

A

start at the right iliac fossa, to the costal margin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How do you palpate for the liver?

A
  • using the flat edge of your hand
  • ask them to take deep breaths
  • palpation on inspiration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does a palpable liver indicate?

A

hepatomegaly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does a palpable spleen indicate?

A

splenomegaly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where do you palpate for the spleen?

A
  • start at the right iliac fossa

- move 1-2cm each time from the right iliac fossa to the left costal margin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

At what height does the spleen reside?

A

ribs 9-11

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the possible causes of splenomegaly?

A
  • portal hypertension secondary to liver cirrhosis
  • haemolytic anaemia
  • congestive heart failure
  • splenic metastases
  • glandular fever
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where do you palpate for the kidney?

A

one hand: below the ribs, and underneath the right flank

other: anterior abdominal wall, below the right costal margin in the right flank

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How do you palpate for the kidney?

A
  • push fingers together

- ask the patient to take a deep breath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the causes of bilaterally enlarged kidneys?

A
  • polycystic kidney disease

- amyloidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the causes of unilaterally enlarged kidneys?

A

renal tumour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What does tenderness on palpation suggest?

A
  • peritonitis

- anxiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is guarding on palpation?

A

voluntary contraction when palpation causes pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What does rigidity on palpation suggest?

A
  • inflammation of the parietal peritoneum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is rigidity on palpation?

A
  • reflex contraction and involuntary guarding

- abdominal wall shows no movements of respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What does rebound tenderness on palpation suggest?

A

generalised or localised peritonitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is rebound tenderness on palpation?

A

if the abdominal wall is compressed slowly, and then released there is a sharp stabbing pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Where do you palpate for the abdominal aortic pulse?

A

superior to the umbilicus in the midline

34
Q

What does the abdominal aortic pulse in a healthy individual look like?

A
  • hands move superiorly with each pulse of the aorta

- pulsatile

35
Q

What does the abdominal aortic pulse in a ill individual look like?

A
  • hands move outwards with each pulse

- expansile mass

36
Q

What does outward hand movement during palpation of the aortic pulse suggest?

A

abdominal aortic aneurysm

37
Q

At what vertebra does the aorta bifurcate?

A

L4

38
Q

What does the aorta bifurcate into?

A

the left and right common iliac artery

39
Q

At what vertebral level is the transpyloric plane?

A

L1

40
Q

At what vertebral level is the subcostal plane?

A

L3

41
Q

At what vertebral level is the supracristal plane?

A

L4

42
Q

At what vertebral level is the intertubercular plane?

A

L5

43
Q

At what vertebral level is the interspinous plane?

A

S2

44
Q

What is present at the transpyloric plane?

A
  • pylorus of the stomach
  • neck of the pancreas
  • fundus of the gallbladder
  • renal hilum
  • duodenojejunal flexure
  • end of the spinal cord
45
Q

What is present at the subcostal plane?

A

origin of the inferior mesenteric artery

46
Q

What is present at the supracristal plane?

A

bifurcation of the aorta

47
Q

What is present at the intertubercular plane?

A

tubercle of crest of ilium

48
Q

What is present at the interspinous plane?

A

horizontal axis through the ASIS, marking the boundary between the umbilicus and the hypogastric region

49
Q

Where do you percuss for the liver?

A
  • from the right iliac fossa to the right costal margin

- from the 4th costal cartilage to the 5th intercostal space

50
Q

What are the surface markings of the liver?

A
  • right 5th rib at the mid-clavicular line
  • lower end of the sternum
  • left 5th rib at mid-clavicular line
  • costal margin at the right mid-axillary line
51
Q

Where do you percuss for the spleen?

A

from the right iliac fossa to the lest costal margin

52
Q

What do you need to do when percussing for the spleen?

A

percuss both during expiration and inspiration at the 10th intercostal space

53
Q

What is shifting dullness?

A

used to examine ascites

54
Q

What is ascites?

A

accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity (due to liver cirrohosis)

55
Q

What can cause ascites?

A
  • decreased metabolism of the aldosterone and ADH (salt and water retention)
  • decreased albumin production (reduces oncotic pressure causing leakage)
56
Q

How do you assess for shifting dullness?

A
  • percuss from the midline to the flanks, noting change from resonant to dull
  • stop at the spot, ask the patient to turn
  • wait 30 seconds
  • percuss the spot, if now resonant - ascites
57
Q

What do normal bowel sounds sound like?

A

gurguling noises due to peristalsis

58
Q

How do you auscultate to detect bowel sounds?

A

listen in 2 places on the abdomen, if absent at least 3-4minutes

59
Q

What do absent bowel sounds indicate?

A
  • paralytic ileus

- peritonitis

60
Q

What do high pitched and frequent bowel sounds indicate?

A

intestinal obstruction

61
Q

What are the 3 regions that urinary tract stones reside in?

A
  • sacro-iliac joint
  • pelvic-ureteric junction
  • vesicoureteric junction
62
Q

What is the gold standard imaging for the diagnosis of urinary tract stones?

A

Ultasound scan (USS)

63
Q

What is the management plan for urinary tract stones that are <5mm?

A

pass alone

64
Q

What is the management plan for urinary tract stones that are >5mm?

A
  • stenting

- lithotripsy

65
Q

What are the different vascular bruit?

A
  • abdominal aorta
  • superior mesenteric
  • renal arteries
  • liver tumours
  • iliac arteries
66
Q

Where do you auscultate to assess for abdominal aorta bruit?

A

superior and left of the umbilicus

67
Q

Where do you auscultate to assess for superior mesenteric bruit?

A

epigastrium

68
Q

Where do you auscultate to assess for renal arteries bruit?

A

2-3cm superior and lateral to the umbilicus

69
Q

Where do you auscultate to assess for liver tumours bruit?

A

over the liver

70
Q

Where do you auscultate to assess for iliac arteries bruit?

A

in the iliac fossa

71
Q

What are the surface landmarks of the gallbladder?

A

intersection between:

  • right 9th costal cartilage (transpyloric plane)
  • right mid-clavicular line (lateral border of the rectus abdominis muscle)
72
Q

What is the upper border of the liver?

A

right dome from the: right 5th rib to the left 5th intercostal pace at the mid-clavicular line

73
Q

What is the oblique border of the liver?

A

from:

  • right mid-axillary line
  • right 9th costal cartilage
  • left 8th costal cartilage
  • left 5th intercostal space
74
Q

What are the surface markings of the spleen?

A

between the:
- mid-axillary line
- lateral border of the erector spinae muscles
at the level of: ribs 9, 10, 11

75
Q

What are the surface markings for the superior poles of the kidney?

A

11th/12th ribs

76
Q

What are the surface markings for the inferior poles of the kidney?

A

3-4cm above the iliac crests, below the 12th rib

77
Q

Where is the hila of the kidneys?

A

4-5cm from the posterior median line

78
Q

What is the average size of the kidney?

A

9-12cm long

5-7cm broad

79
Q

What is the surface markings of the ureter?

A
  • 5cm lateral to the posterior median line at L1

- posterior superior iliac spine

80
Q

What is the surface landmark of the posterior superior iliac spine?

A

skin dimple

81
Q

What are the surface markings of the kidney?

A
  • renal (costophrenic) angle
  • 11th/12th rib
  • lower pole: 3-4cm above the supracristal plane (L4)
  • hilum 4-5 cm from posterior median line
  • L1 transpyloric line

CPA (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions