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CPA > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What pulses should be palpated?

A
  • radial artery
  • ulner artery
  • brachial artery
  • common carotid artery
  • apex beat
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2
Q

Whats the range for a normal heart rate?

A

60-100

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3
Q

Where is the radial artery?

A

between the:
- tendon of the flexor carpi radialis
- tendon of the brachioradialis

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4
Q

Where is the ulnar artery?

A

between the:
- flexor digitorum superficialis
- flexor carpi ulnaris

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5
Q

Where is the brachial artery?

A

medial to the biceps tendon

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6
Q

What position should the patient be in for a cardiovascular exam?

A
  • 45 degree angle
  • exposed from the waist up
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7
Q

Where is the common carotid artery?

A
  • medial border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle
  • lateral border of the thyroid cartilage
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8
Q

What can be detected from the common carotid artery?

A

character and volume

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9
Q

Where is the apex beat?

A

5th intercostal space, mid-clavicular line

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10
Q

Where should you start palpating for the apex beat?

A

from the lateral side (mid-axillary line) towards the mid-clavicular line

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11
Q

What can cause a displaced apex beat?

A

cardiomegaly

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12
Q

What can cause an absent apex beat?

A
  • pericardial effusion
  • obesity
  • pleural effusion
  • emphysema
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13
Q

What is a parasternal heave?

A

precordial impulse that is palpable

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14
Q

How do you palpate for heaves?

A

place hand parallel to the left sternal edge

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15
Q

What would be a positive sign for heaves?

A

the heel of your hand being lifted with each systole

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16
Q

What are parasternal heaves associated with?

A

right ventricular hypertrophy

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17
Q

What is a thrill?

A

palpable vibration caused by turbulent blood flow through a heart valve

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18
Q

Where should you assess thrills?

A

each heart valve (same sites as auscultation)
place hand horizontally

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19
Q

What valves are heard in auscultation?

A
  • pulmonary
  • tricuspid
  • mitral
  • aortic
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20
Q

Where do you auscultate for the aortic valve?

A
  • right sternal border
  • 2nd intercostal space
21
Q

Where do you auscultate for the pulmonary valve?

A
  • left sternal border
  • 2nd intercostal space
22
Q

Where do you auscultate for the tricuspid valve?

A
  • left 5th costo-sternal border
23
Q

Where do you auscultate for the mitral valve?

A
  • left 5th intercostal space at apex beat
24
Q

What can cause an ejection systolic murmur?

A
  • aortic stenosis
  • pulmonary stenosis
  • aortic sclerosis
  • hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy
  • atrial septal defect
25
Q

What manoeuvres can be done to accentuate aortic stenosis?

A
  • ask patient to hold their breath
  • auscultate the carotid arteries
26
Q

What manoeuvres can be done to accentuate aortic regurgitation?

A
  • sit patient forwards
  • auscultate over the aortic area during expiration
27
Q

What can be done to investigate an mitral valve regurgitation?

A
  • auscultate the mitral area
  • pansystolic murmur during expiration
  • auscultate into the axilla to identify radiation
28
Q

What can be done to investigate an mitral stenosis?

A
  • bell, auscultate the mitral area
  • mid-diastolic murmur heard during expiration
29
Q

What position should the patient be in for suspected mitral regurgitation/stenosis?

A

left lateral decubitus position

30
Q

What type of murmur is heard in aortic stenosis?

A

ejection systolic murmur

31
Q

What type of murmur is heard in aortic regurgitation?

A

early diastolic murmur

32
Q

What type of murmur is heard in mitral stenosis?

A

mid-diastolic murmur

33
Q

What type of murmur is heard in mitral regurgitation?

A

pansystolic murmur

34
Q

What arteries can be palpated in the lower limb?

A
  • femoral
  • dorsalis pedis
  • posterior tibial artery
  • popliteal artery
35
Q

Where can the femoral pulse be palpated?

A

the mid-inguinal point

36
Q

Where is the mid-inguinal point?

A

midpoint between the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and the pubic symphysis

37
Q

Where can you palpate the popliteal pulse?

A

inferior region of the popliteal fossa

38
Q

How do you palpate the popliteal pulse?

A
  • thumbs on the tibial tuberosity
  • passive knee flexion to 90 degrees
  • curl fingers into the popliteal fossa
  • compress the popliteal artery against the tibia
39
Q

Where is the posterior tibial pulse?

A

posterior to the medial malleolus of the tibia

40
Q

Why should the posterior tibial pulse be palpated?

A
  • confirm presence
  • comparison to the dorsal pedis pulse
41
Q

Where is the dorsal pedis pulse?

A
  • dorsum of the foot
  • lateral to the extensor hallucis longus tendon
42
Q

Where is the right upper border of the heart?

A
  • 3rd costal cartilage
  • 1cm from the sternal edge
43
Q

Where is the left upper border of the heart?

A
  • 2nd intercostal space
  • 2.5cm from the sternal edge
44
Q

Where is the right lower border of the heart?

A
  • 6th costal cartilage
  • 1cm from the sternal edge
45
Q

Where is the left lower border of the heart?

A
  • 5th intercostal space
  • mid-clavicular line
46
Q

Where can you palpate the superficial temporal artery?

A

in front of the tragus of the ear

47
Q

Where can you palpate the subclavian artery?

A

the supraclavicular fossa region

48
Q

How does Type A aortic dissection typically present?

A

severe chest pain (anterior and posterior)

49
Q

How does Type B aortic dissection typically present?

A
  • back pain
  • chest and abdominal pain

CPA (6 decks)

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