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SAM2 > Gastrointestinal System/Disease > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal System/Disease Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: cats and dogs lack a-amylase in saliva because they are natural carnivores

A

True

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2
Q

Dog vs Cat gastric pH

A

Dogs more acidic [5-9]

Cats more basic [7-9]

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3
Q

Indicate voluntary vs involuntary phases of swallowing.

Which CN are working in swallowing?

A 
Voluntary = oral
Involuntary = esophageal

CN V,VII,IX,X,XII

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4
Q

What is dysphasia? How do we diagnose it?

A

Inability to swallow

Can have lots of DDx

Watch them eat, assess neuro/musculature, feel for tumors/FB, bloodwork for thyroid issues/addisons, rads, check mouth

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5
Q

What kind of musculature is in canine vs feline esophagus?

A

Canine = all striated muscle

Feline = striated muscle in proximal 2/3 and smooth muscle in distal 1/3

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6
Q

What is the most common form of megaesophagus?

A

2ry acquired

Can be due to CNS, toxins, vagal damage, M. Gravis, esophagitis

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7
Q

What stimulates the HCl secretion in parietal cells?

A

Gastrin
Histamine
Acetylcholine

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8
Q

What inhibits parietal cells?

A

Somatostatin
Prostaglandin
Secretin

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9
Q

Where is intrinsic factor made in dogs vs cats?

What is IF?

A

IF = B12

In dogs it’s made in stomach/saliva

In cats its made in pancreas

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10
Q

What is the gastric pump/what does it do?

A

Pacemaker cells make slow waves which force chyme into pyloric canal

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11
Q

T/F: The pylorus sits closed and opens when food is in the stomach

A

False! The pylorus sits open and closes when food is in stomach

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12
Q

When is the MMC (migrating myoelectric complex) produced?

What does MMC do?

A

@ periods of fasting

Clears out dead bacteria and leftover food

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13
Q

Which cat lymphoma has better prognosis? Lymphocytic lymphoma or lymphoblastic lymphoma?

A

Lymphocytic (t cell, low grade)

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14
Q

Name 3 things that cause intramural gastric obstructions:

A

Gastric neoplasia, pythiosis, pyloric stenosis

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15
Q

In gastric obstruction, what are 3 main electrolyte imbalances that we can see?

A

HypoCl, hypoK, metabolic alkalosis (all from severe V+)

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16
Q

What areas of the stomach do gastric carcinomas affect?

A

Lesser curvature and pylorus

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17
Q

Which gastric parasite is more common? How does it present usually?

A

Ollanulus Tricuspis is more common. It is seen in rescue cats that have eaten another infected cats V+ (skinny, V+, shelter cat)

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18
Q

What does physaloptera cause?

A

Gastric mucosal hypertrophy, gastritis, gastric bleeding

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19
Q

What is metocloprimide? What is it’s significance with cats?

A

Prokinetic/antiemetic drug. Cats sensitive and can have CNS signs if we od them

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20
Q

Reflux is familial in which breed?

A

Golden retrievers (and BAOS)

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21
Q

What are 4 things we see with Gastinomas?

A

Thickened gastric wall, pyloric hypertrophy, chronic V+, gastric ulceration

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22
Q

Gastrinomas present with __ gastrin levels and __ pH levels.

A

High gastrin, low pH

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23
Q

Where do we look for the tumor with gastinomas?

A

It’s a pancreatic tumor that stimulates hypersecretion of gastric acid!

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24
Q

What is the difference between small bowel and lg bowel D+?

A

Small bowel D+ = high volume, low frequency, melena and Lg bowel D+ = low volume, high frequency, hematochezia

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25
Q

Diagnostic plan for stable acute gastroenteritis vs unstable:

A

Stable = fecal; Unstable = CBC, chem, fecal, PCR, culture, parasitology, rads, US

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26
Q

What kinds of cells does parvo attack?

A

Rapidly dividing cells (GI, BM, LN)

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27
Q

T/F: We vaccinate kittens for panleukopenia around 7 weeks

A

False!! Live vaccine and never give to kittens under 8 weeks old - they can develop cerebellar hypoplasia!

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28
Q

Which coccidians sporulate outside the host?

A

Isospora, toxoplasma gondii

29
Q

T/F: Infectious agents can be present in normal animals

A

True

30
Q

Giardia MOA:

A

Encysts in SI, sloughs epithelial cells = malabsorption

31
Q

How does tritrichomonas foetus present? (Range)

A

Can be anywhere from asymptomatic to severe lg bowel D+ with mucus and fresh blood (strawberry jelly)

32
Q

What is the best diagnostic option for tritrich? What is one major consideration?

A

PCR (97% sensitive) - must have them off metronidazole 2 wks before testing

33
Q

How do you treat tritrich?

A

Easily digestible diet, ronidazole, symbiotics

34
Q

Do we always give abx in salmonellosis?

A

Only given if critical dz (ideally with culture)

35
Q

Campylobacter CS:

A

Lg bowel D+ (low volume, high frequency), fever, high WBC

36
Q

T/F: Clostridium causes mucosal gastroenteritis

A

False! Clostridium causes hemorrhagic gastroenteritis

37
Q

How are clostridium infections treated?

A

Metronidazole

38
Q

What is the difference between probiotics and prebiotics?

A

Probiotics are live microorganisms and prebiotics are nondigestible food ingredients

39
Q

What is the danger theory and which dz does it pertain to?

A

Danger theory (IBD) is the most accepted theory we have so far - pathogens invade mucosa, release of proinflammatory cytokines, gut abnormality, chronic inflammation

40
Q

What is the definitive dx method for the IBD?

A

Endoscopic GI biopsy

41
Q

Why are IBD patients cobalamin (B12) deficient?

A

Deficient due to lack of IF or ileal dz (dietary deficiencies are rare!!)

42
Q

T/F: Plasmacytic-esosinophilic form of IBD is the most common.

A

False! Lymphocytic-plasmacytic from is most common

43
Q

Major tx options for IBD:

A

Diet (hydrolyzed) and immunosuppressive (remove antigenic stimulation and decrease inflammatory response)

44
Q

What can be seen with hypoalbuminemia?

A

Decreased oncotic pressure = ascites, pleural effusion, peripheral edema (and loss of antithrombin)

45
Q

What is the most common cause of PLE?

A

IBD (inflammatory bowel dz)

46
Q

With loss of antithrombin III, what do we see?

A

HYPERcoaguable state

47
Q

What does PLE bloodwork look like?

A

LOW albumin, cholesterol, Ca

HIGH liver enzymes

48
Q

What can we see with biopsy in PLE?

A

Blunted villi

49
Q

How do we treat PLE?

A 
Tx underlying dz [most commonly IBD]
Colloids
IV feeding [can work as both colloid and nutrition]
Diuretics
Clopidogrel [platelet inhib.]
Hydrolized diet
50
Q

What is lymphangiectasia?

What are the CS?

A

Lymphatic dilation caused by blockages. At high pressure they can rupture and we see loss of fat/protein absorption.

CS: weight loss, effusions, D/V+ [like PLE]

51
Q

What does lymphangiectasia bloodwork look like?

A

Cholesterol, albumin, lymphocytes are all decreased [this is usually what is in lymphatic fluid]

52
Q

How can we diagnose lymphangiectasia?

A

US

Give oil/fat 4h before to help dilate lacteals for better visualization

53
Q

How do we treat lymphangiectasia?

A

Like PLE!

But make sure diet is low in fat

54
Q

T/F: Antibiotic responsive D+ is bacterial overgrowth that is responsive to abx!

A

True

55
Q

Signalment for antibiotic responsive D+

A

Young, lg breeds [GSD]

56
Q

CS and tx for antibiotic responsive D+:

A

CS = V/D+, wt loss, stunted growth, borborygmi

TX = metronidazole or tylan 4-5wks [abx!]

57
Q

Difference between LGAL and IGAL/HGAL

A

LGAL = T cell, good survival rates

IGAL/HGAL = B cell, poor prognosis

58
Q

What is LLGL?

A

Large Granular Lymphocytic Lymphoma

T cell, very poor prognosis

59
Q

What is the most common intestinal tumor?

How do we resect it?

A

Adenocarcinoma

4cm margins + carboplatin

60
Q

What is the main function of the colon? What do we see in lg bowel dz?

A

Absorption of water and vitamins

High frequency, low volume, hematochezia or constipation

61
Q

What is GMC?

A

Colonic inflammation stimulates these giant migrating contractions that run through the colon

Normally they run 1-2x/day but when inflamed, they run more

62
Q

What aspect of the PE must you do in chronic colitis?

A

Rectal Palpation!
Look for irregular/thickened mucosal surface, pain, blood, mucus

rectal polyps/malignant neoplasms can mimic chronic colitis

63
Q

What is the most common form of chronic colitis?

A

Lymphocytic-plasmacytic

64
Q

T/F: we treat chronic colitis just like IBD

A

True

65
Q

What causes colonic stricture and how do we diagnose and treat?

A

Chronic inflammation

US/Barium

Balloon dilation

66
Q

What are some electrolyte imbalances seen in constipation?

A

HYPOkalemia

HYPERcalcemia

67
Q

How do animals get infected with histoplasmosis?

A

Warm/wet soil contaminated with bird/bat guano that is inhaled/ingested

68
Q

What do we see in histoplasmosis infections?

A

Granulomatous inflammation, ulcers, bleeding, large bowel D+

69
Q

How do we diagnose and treat histoplasmosis?

A

Dx: biopsy, cytology, ELISA [will see organisms in macrophages]

Tx: Itraconazole 4-6mo

SAM2 (5 decks)

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