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Gastrointestinal System/Disease Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: cats and dogs lack a-amylase in saliva because they are natural carnivores

A

True

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2
Q

Dog vs Cat gastric pH

A

Dogs more acidic [5-9]

Cats more basic [7-9]

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3
Q

Indicate voluntary vs involuntary phases of swallowing.

Which CN are working in swallowing?

A 
Voluntary = oral
Involuntary = esophageal

CN V,VII,IX,X,XII

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4
Q

What is dysphasia? How do we diagnose it?

A

Inability to swallow

Can have lots of DDx

Watch them eat, assess neuro/musculature, feel for tumors/FB, bloodwork for thyroid issues/addisons, rads, check mouth

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5
Q

What kind of musculature is in canine vs feline esophagus?

A

Canine = all striated muscle

Feline = striated muscle in proximal 2/3 and smooth muscle in distal 1/3

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6
Q

What is the most common form of megaesophagus?

A

2ry acquired

Can be due to CNS, toxins, vagal damage, M. Gravis, esophagitis

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7
Q

What stimulates the HCl secretion in parietal cells?

A

Gastrin
Histamine
Acetylcholine

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8
Q

What inhibits parietal cells?

A

Somatostatin
Prostaglandin
Secretin

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9
Q

Where is intrinsic factor made in dogs vs cats?

What is IF?

A

IF = B12

In dogs it’s made in stomach/saliva

In cats its made in pancreas

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10
Q

What is the gastric pump/what does it do?

A

Pacemaker cells make slow waves which force chyme into pyloric canal

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11
Q

T/F: The pylorus sits closed and opens when food is in the stomach

A

False! The pylorus sits open and closes when food is in stomach

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12
Q

When is the MMC (migrating myoelectric complex) produced?

What does MMC do?

A

@ periods of fasting

Clears out dead bacteria and leftover food

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13
Q

Which cat lymphoma has better prognosis? Lymphocytic lymphoma or lymphoblastic lymphoma?

A

Lymphocytic (t cell, low grade)

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14
Q

Name 3 things that cause intramural gastric obstructions:

A

Gastric neoplasia, pythiosis, pyloric stenosis

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15
Q

In gastric obstruction, what are 3 main electrolyte imbalances that we can see?

A

HypoCl, hypoK, metabolic alkalosis (all from severe V+)

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16
Q

What areas of the stomach do gastric carcinomas affect?

A

Lesser curvature and pylorus

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17
Q

Which gastric parasite is more common? How does it present usually?

A

Ollanulus Tricuspis is more common. It is seen in rescue cats that have eaten another infected cats V+ (skinny, V+, shelter cat)

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18
Q

What does physaloptera cause?

A

Gastric mucosal hypertrophy, gastritis, gastric bleeding

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19
Q

What is metocloprimide? What is it’s significance with cats?

A

Prokinetic/antiemetic drug. Cats sensitive and can have CNS signs if we od them

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20
Q

Reflux is familial in which breed?

A

Golden retrievers (and BAOS)

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21
Q

What are 4 things we see with Gastinomas?

A

Thickened gastric wall, pyloric hypertrophy, chronic V+, gastric ulceration

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22
Q

Gastrinomas present with __ gastrin levels and __ pH levels.

A

High gastrin, low pH

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23
Q

Where do we look for the tumor with gastinomas?

A

It’s a pancreatic tumor that stimulates hypersecretion of gastric acid!

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24
Q

What is the difference between small bowel and lg bowel D+?

A

Small bowel D+ = high volume, low frequency, melena and Lg bowel D+ = low volume, high frequency, hematochezia

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25
Diagnostic plan for stable acute gastroenteritis vs unstable:
Stable = fecal; Unstable = CBC, chem, fecal, PCR, culture, parasitology, rads, US
26
What kinds of cells does parvo attack?
Rapidly dividing cells (GI, BM, LN)
27
T/F: We vaccinate kittens for panleukopenia around 7 weeks
False!! Live vaccine and never give to kittens under 8 weeks old - they can develop cerebellar hypoplasia!
28
Which coccidians sporulate outside the host?
Isospora, toxoplasma gondii
29
T/F: Infectious agents can be present in normal animals
True
30
Giardia MOA:
Encysts in SI, sloughs epithelial cells = malabsorption
31
How does tritrichomonas foetus present? (Range)
Can be anywhere from asymptomatic to severe lg bowel D+ with mucus and fresh blood (strawberry jelly)
32
What is the best diagnostic option for tritrich? What is one major consideration?
PCR (97% sensitive) - must have them off metronidazole 2 wks before testing
33
How do you treat tritrich?
Easily digestible diet, ronidazole, symbiotics
34
Do we always give abx in salmonellosis?
Only given if critical dz (ideally with culture)
35
Campylobacter CS:
Lg bowel D+ (low volume, high frequency), fever, high WBC
36
T/F: Clostridium causes mucosal gastroenteritis
False! Clostridium causes hemorrhagic gastroenteritis
37
How are clostridium infections treated?
Metronidazole
38
What is the difference between probiotics and prebiotics?
Probiotics are live microorganisms and prebiotics are nondigestible food ingredients
39
What is the danger theory and which dz does it pertain to?
Danger theory (IBD) is the most accepted theory we have so far - pathogens invade mucosa, release of proinflammatory cytokines, gut abnormality, chronic inflammation
40
What is the definitive dx method for the IBD?
Endoscopic GI biopsy
41
Why are IBD patients cobalamin (B12) deficient?
Deficient due to lack of IF or ileal dz (dietary deficiencies are rare!!)
42
T/F: Plasmacytic-esosinophilic form of IBD is the most common.
False! Lymphocytic-plasmacytic from is most common
43
Major tx options for IBD:
Diet (hydrolyzed) and immunosuppressive (remove antigenic stimulation and decrease inflammatory response)
44
What can be seen with hypoalbuminemia?
Decreased oncotic pressure = ascites, pleural effusion, peripheral edema (and loss of antithrombin)
45
What is the most common cause of PLE?
IBD (inflammatory bowel dz)
46
With loss of antithrombin III, what do we see?
HYPERcoaguable state
47
What does PLE bloodwork look like?
LOW albumin, cholesterol, Ca HIGH liver enzymes
48
What can we see with biopsy in PLE?
Blunted villi
49
How do we treat PLE?
``` Tx underlying dz [most commonly IBD] Colloids IV feeding [can work as both colloid and nutrition] Diuretics Clopidogrel [platelet inhib.] Hydrolized diet ```
50
What is lymphangiectasia? | What are the CS?
Lymphatic dilation caused by blockages. At high pressure they can rupture and we see loss of fat/protein absorption. CS: weight loss, effusions, D/V+ [like PLE]
51
What does lymphangiectasia bloodwork look like?
Cholesterol, albumin, lymphocytes are all decreased [this is usually what is in lymphatic fluid]
52
How can we diagnose lymphangiectasia?
US Give oil/fat 4h before to help dilate lacteals for better visualization
53
How do we treat lymphangiectasia?
Like PLE! But make sure diet is low in fat
54
T/F: Antibiotic responsive D+ is bacterial overgrowth that is responsive to abx!
True
55
Signalment for antibiotic responsive D+
Young, lg breeds [GSD]
56
CS and tx for antibiotic responsive D+:
CS = V/D+, wt loss, stunted growth, borborygmi TX = metronidazole or tylan 4-5wks [abx!]
57
Difference between LGAL and IGAL/HGAL
LGAL = T cell, good survival rates IGAL/HGAL = B cell, poor prognosis
58
What is LLGL?
Large Granular Lymphocytic Lymphoma T cell, very poor prognosis
59
What is the most common intestinal tumor? | How do we resect it?
Adenocarcinoma 4cm margins + carboplatin
60
What is the main function of the colon? What do we see in lg bowel dz?
Absorption of water and vitamins High frequency, low volume, hematochezia or constipation
61
What is GMC?
Colonic inflammation stimulates these giant migrating contractions that run through the colon Normally they run 1-2x/day but when inflamed, they run more
62
What aspect of the PE must you do in chronic colitis?
Rectal Palpation! Look for irregular/thickened mucosal surface, pain, blood, mucus **rectal polyps/malignant neoplasms can mimic chronic colitis**
63
What is the most common form of chronic colitis?
Lymphocytic-plasmacytic
64
T/F: we treat chronic colitis just like IBD
True
65
What causes colonic stricture and how do we diagnose and treat?
Chronic inflammation US/Barium Balloon dilation
66
What are some electrolyte imbalances seen in constipation?
HYPOkalemia | HYPERcalcemia
67
How do animals get infected with histoplasmosis?
Warm/wet soil contaminated with bird/bat guano that is inhaled/ingested
68
What do we see in histoplasmosis infections?
Granulomatous inflammation, ulcers, bleeding, large bowel D+
69
How do we diagnose and treat histoplasmosis?
Dx: biopsy, cytology, ELISA [will see organisms in macrophages] Tx: Itraconazole 4-6mo

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