Gastrointestinal Infections Flashcards
What 5 factors increase the risk for cardiovascular disease?
- obseity
- smoking
- High LDL’s
- periodontal disease
- sedentary lifestyle
What types of disease can occur with the spread of infection from dental caries, gingivitis, acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, vincent’s angina and periodontal disease?
- Ludwig’s angina
- infection under the tongue
- Vincent’s angina
- pain in the oral cavity or sublingual space
- endocarditis
- osteomyelitis
- head adn neck abscesses
- rhinosinusitis
- otitis media
What is the most common cause of tooth loss in children?
etiologies?
- dental caries: damage to the surface of the tooth (enamel and/or dentin)
- etiologies
- mutans group of Streptococcus
- Lactobacillus casei
- Actinomyces sp.
- Bifido-bacterium sp.
- low-pH tolerant Streptococcus so.
Describe the pathogenesis of dental caries
- biofilm (plaque) on surface of teeth
- if not removed, hardens to form tartar
- then you eat sugar, and the bacteria in those biofilms breakdown sucrose into lactic acid
- lactic acid has a pH of <5.5, which results in enamel demineralization (calcium leaches out); damage to the enamel
- the caries can go into the dentin adn pulp, killing the tooth
What 5 qualities must a bacteria posess in order to make a biofilm and caue dental carries?
- adhesins- bind to toth
- acidogenicity- make acid
- aciduricity - survive low pH
- EPS- extracellular polysaccharide
- stay at surface of tooth
- ability to store itracellular polysaccharides and beak them down when the need to (increase the time the pH in the mouth is low)
What is periodontal disease? What structures does this include?
What are some examples of periodontal dieseases?
infection/inflammation of the structures surroundign the teeth
- Structures
- gingiva
- periodontal ligament
- alveolar bone
- Examples
- gingivitis
- acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (trench mouth)
- severe gingivits, relatively rare in US
- Vincent’s angina
- extension trenc mouth to throat/oral pharynx
- chronic periodontitis
- in addition to gums, damage to periodontal ligament & tooth starts loosening
- aggressive periodontitis
What is the most common cause of tooth loss in adults?
- periodontitis
- polymicrobial process
- high numbers gram-negative anaerobes and spirochetes
Label the progression of tooth-associated disease
- gingivitis
- inflamed gum with damaged fibers
- periodontitis
- deep pocket and bone destruction
- advanced periodontitis
- exposed root and bone destruction
How does the etiolotical composition change from plaque to agents that cause periodontal disease?
How does the ways in which they cause damage change?
How do we designate organisms present in the plaque and their differing probability of causing periodontal disease?
- plaque converts from being mostly streptococci to being mostly gram negative anaerobes & spirochetes
- from breaking down sugar to make acid to breaking down proteins and causing damage to the ligament so the tooth become loose & supporting structures less stable
- Differing ability
- High risk (red complex)
- gram negative rods/spirochetes
- Moderate risk (orange complex)
- gram negative anaerobes, facultative aerobes
- low risk (yellow complex)
- gram positive aerobes
- High risk (red complex)
What are the etilogical agensts associated with aggressive periodonal disease?
- (anaerobe gram neg rods)
- Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
-
Eikenella corrodens
- in concert with Fusobacterium nucleatum
What is gingivitis?
Why is it damaging?
Symptoms?
- bacteria grow in biofilm (plaque) in gingival crevice
- more plaque on tooth, the more ikely gingivitis will occur
- bacteria produce hemolysins and proteases
- causing damage to the gums
- symptoms
- inflammation results;
- redness, swelling, bleeding with trauma, no pain
What is trench mouth?
Causes?
etiological agents?
symptoms?
- acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
- sever gingivitis
- cause
- poor oral hygeine; stress; immunosuppression
- rare in US
- etiology
- polymicrobial
- symptoms
- fever,
- malaise,
- lymphadenopathy,
- halitosis (bad breath),
- painful and inlamed gingiva with necrotic gray to black ulcerations of the interdental papillae that bleed easily
- gray pseudomembrane coves lesions and is easy to remove
What is Vincent’s angina?
Causes?
Symptoms?
- extension of trench mouth (ANUG) to oropharynx
- causes
- poor dental hygeine
- immunosuppression
- stress
- symptoms
- fever, swelling of lower face and neck
- difficulty with speech or swallowing
- membranous pharyngitis
- painful ulcers on gingivae
- buccal mucosa
- pharynx with hyperemic patches
- edema
How does gingivitis become peridontitis?
- plaque spreads down the root surface
- inflammation causes detachment of gingiva, leading to pocket formation
- as go deeper and deeper, these gram negative anaerobes can produce
- collagenases destroy the periodental ligament
- inflammation causes alveolar bone resorption
- tooth becomes loose, it it is released
There is an association between periodonal disease and what other type of disease?
cardiovascular disease
