Gastrointestinal Flashcards
Cullen’s sign
Superficial edema and bruising in the subcutaneous fatty tissue around the umbilicus
Grey-Turner’s sign
Bruising of the flanks, appearing as a blue discoloration
Fox’s sign
Bruising over the inguinal ligament
Chvostek’s sign
A spasm of the facial muscles elicited by tapping the facial nerve in the region of the parotid gland; seen in tetany.
Trousseau’s sign
A test for latent tetany in which carpal spasm is induced by inflating a sphygmomanometer cuff on the upper arm to a pressure exceeding systolic blood pressure for 3 minutes. A positive test may be seen in hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia
Ranson’s criteria
For predicting the severity of acute pancreatitis.
At admission:
1. Age in years > 55 years
2. White blood cell count > 16000 cells/mm3
3. Blood glucose > 10 mmol/L (> 200 mg/dL)
4. Serum AST > 250 IU/L
5. Serum LDH > 350 IU/L
≥ 3, severe pancreatitis likely.
< 3, severe pancreatitis is unlikely.
Modified Glasgow Acute Pancreatitis Severity Score
≥ 3, severe pancreatitis likely. PaO2< 7.9kPa Age > 55 years Neutrophils (WBC > 15) Calcium < 2 mmol/L Renal function: Urea > 16 mmol/L Enzymes LDH > 600IU/L Albumin < 32g/L (serum) Sugar (blood glucose) > 10 mmol/L
Rome Criteria
A) Fewer than three bowel movements a week
B) More than three bowel movements a day
C) Hard or lumpy stools
D) Loose (mushy) or watery stools
E) Straining during a bowel movement
F) Urgency (having to rush to have a bowel movement)
G) Feeling of incomplete bowel movement
H) Passing mucus (white material) during a bowel movement
I) Abdominal fullness, bloating, or swelling
Haemorrhoid grading
Grade 1 is limited to within the anal canal.
Grade 2 protrudes but spontaneously reduces when the patient stops straining.
Grade 3 protrudes and reduces fully on manual pressure.
Grade 4 is irreducible
Courvoisier’s law
Jaundice and a palpable painless gallbladder is unlikely to be caused by gallstones
Tumour marker for pancreatic cancer
CA19-9
Traverso-Longmire procedure
Pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy
Charcot’s triad of ascending cholangitis
Fever with or without rigors
RUQ pain
Jaundice
Hirschsprung’s disease
AKA. Congenital aganglionic megacolon. Colonic obstruction associated with absent intramural ganglion cells. The lumen is hence tonically contracted. Commonly diagnosed in the first year of life and presents with vomiting, distension and/or colitis.
Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome
AKA hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia. Autosomal dominant condition that leads to abnormal blood vessel formation in the skin, mucous membranes, and often in organs such as the lungs, liver, and brain. These vessels are prone to bleeding.
