Gastrointestinal

Question 1

Side effect: gingival hypertrophy

Answer 1

Calcium channel blockers (amlodipine, felodipine, diltiazem, verapamil)

Question 2

“Bird beak appearance”, distended oesophagus

Answer 2

Achalasia

Question 3

Grey Turner’s sign

Cullen’s sign

(lumbar / umbilical redness)

Answer 3

Acute pancreatitis

Question 4

Causes of acute pancreatitis

Answer 4

GET SMASHED:

• Gallstones
• Ethanol
• Trauma
• Steroids
• Mumps
• Autoimmune
• Scorpion stings
• Hyperlipidaemia
• ERCP
• Drugs

Question 5

Murphy’s sign positive

Answer 5

Cholecystitis / cholangitis

Question 6

Pale stools, jaundice, abdominal pain

Answer 6

Bile duct obstruction

Question 7

Abdominal distension, caput medusae and shifting dullness

Answer 7

Portal hypertension + ascities

i.e cirrhosis

Question 8

Pyoderma gangrenosum and erythema nodosum

Answer 8

IBD (Crohn’s and UC respectively)

Question 9

“Tinkling bowel sounds”

Answer 9

Small bowel obstruction

Question 10

Vesicular rash + weight loss

Answer 10

Coeliac disease

Question 11

Virchow’s node (left supraclavicular)

Answer 11

Gastric cancer

Question 12

Urease breath test

Answer 12

Helicobacter pylori

Question 13

“Rice water” stools

Answer 13

Cholera

Question 14

Antimitochondrial antibodies

Answer 14

Primary biliary cholangitis

Question 15

Anti-smooth muscle antibodies

Answer 15

Autoimmune hepatitis

Question 16

Alpha fetoprotein / AFP assay

Answer 16

Hepatocellular carcinoma

Question 17

Cobblestone mucosa

Answer 17

Crohn’s disease

Question 18

Diuretic used for ascites secondary to cirrhosis

Answer 18

Spironolactone

Question 19

“Corkscrew oesophagus” on barium swallow

Answer 19

Oesophageal spasm

Question 20

Severe abdominal pain + nausea and vomiting after raw milk

Answer 20

Camplyobacter jejuni gastroenteritis

Question 21

Russel’s sign

(acid erosion of the knuckles)

Answer 21

Self-induced vomiting

Question 22

Mallory’s hyaline bodies

Answer 22

Acute / chronic hepatitis

Question 23

Crypt abscesses / cryptitis

Answer 23

Ulcerative colitis

Question 24

“Onion-skin fibrosis”, beading of the bile ducts

Answer 24

Primary sclerosing cholangitis

Question 25

“Signet ring cells” on biopsy

Answer 25

Gastric cancer

Question 26

Dilated colon with loss of features on AXR

Answer 26

Bacterial overgrowth –> toxic megacolon

Question 27

Charcot’s triad of ascending cholangitis

Answer 27

Fever

Jaundice

Abdominal pain