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Abdomen 2 > Gastrointestinal > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Flashcards

0
Q

What are the parts of the GI tract?

A

mouth

pharynx

esophagus

stomach

small intestine

large intestine

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1
Q

What is another name for GI tract?

A

alimentary tract

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2
Q

What are the functions of the GI tract?

A

ingest food

digest

secrete enzumes

absorb and break down

reabsorb fluid

form and release waste

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3
Q

What descends from the thorax to enter the right side of stomach

A

esophagus

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4
Q

What is posterior to the left lobe of the liver and the left crus of the diaphragm?

A

esophagus

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5
Q

the lower end of the esophagus has a circular muscle called

A

cardiac orifice

aka: gastroesophageal junction

sphincter

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6
Q

What is the gastroesophageal junction?

A

segment of the esophagus between the diaphragm and the stomach

aka GEJ

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7
Q

How does the GEJ appear on US?

A

seen on a sagittal US to the left of the midline as a “bull-eye” or “target”

sometimes confused with a lymph node because it lies along the Ao, will have a more circular layer look to it

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8
Q

What are the parts of the stomach?

A

has a fundus

body

pyloric antrum

pylorus

folds of the stomach mucosa and submucosa are called rugae

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9
Q

What does the stomach secrete?

A

hydrochloric acid

pepsin

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10
Q

What is heartburn?

A

when acid from the stomach irritates the tissue that lines the esophagus

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11
Q

What are details about the small intestine?

A

5 m long x 4cm wide coiled tube

first 22cm duodenum

jejunum

illeum

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12
Q

What are the four segments of the duodenum?

A

see slide 19 for picture reference

superior

descending

transverse

ascending

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13
Q

How does the duodenum run?

A

begins at the pylorus

runs anterior to the left kidney

runs horizontally to the left

runs upward and to the left

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14
Q

What is the ligament of treitz?

A

ascends to the right crus and hold the duodenojejunal junction in position

treitz = duodenum

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15
Q

What does the ileocecal orifice mark?

A

the entry into the large intestine and serves as a landmark to find the appendix

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16
Q

what is divided into the vermiform appendix, cecum ascending, transverse and descending colon and rectum?

A

large intestine

colon

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17
Q

the large intestine is divided into segments called…

A

haustra

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18
Q

what are the layers of the colon

A

mucosa - directly contact the intraluminal contents

submucosa - contains blood vessels and lymph

muscularis - contains bands of fiber

adventitia or serosa - connective tissue

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19
Q

what is the typical wall thickness of the large intestine?

A

between 3-5 mm

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20
Q

in the large intestine there are four layers which create ____interfaces

A

5

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21
Q

What is the appendix?

A

tubular structure communicating with the cecum

contains lymph tissue

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22
Q

What artery supplies the gut from halfway down the second part of the duodenum to the distal third of the transverse colon?

A

SMA

23
Q

What does the IMA feed in the intestines?

A

large bowel from distal third of the transverse colon to halfway down the anal canal.

forms an anastomosis with the middle colic branch of the SMA

24
Q

What is the most common lab for GI tract?

A

blood in the stool

25
Q

What are clinical symptoms of the GI tract?

A

nausea

vomiting

diarrhea

pain

fever

weight loss

bloating

26
Q

Why can’t you visual the GI tract?

A

because the acoustic impedance mismatch is too great

27
Q

Where is the appendix located?

A

on the abdominal wall under MCBURNEY’S POINT RLQ

28
Q

What is the normal size of the appendix?

A

<6mm

29
Q

What transducer do you use to scan an appendix?

A

high resolution LINEAR array transducer

linear 5-8

30
Q

what helps delineate the area of the appendix?

A

graded compression over the area of maximum tenderness

31
Q

normal bowel will compress, what will appendicitis do?

A

it won’t move

32
Q

What are gastric bezoars?

A

movable, intraluminal masses of congealed ingested materials that are seen on examination of the upper GI tract

33
Q

What are the benign pathology of the stomach?

A

polyp

leiomyoma

34
Q

What is the malignant tumors of the stomach?

A

carcinoma

lymphomas

leiomyosarcoma

metastatic disease

35
Q

What is the keyboard sign?

A

loops of bowel

see slide for picture

36
Q

The bowel is superficial or deep?

A

superficial

37
Q

How does pathology of the appendix appear?

A

TARGET LESION

non compressible mass

fluid or abscess collection

pain and rebound tenderness

MCBURNEY’S SIGN

38
Q

What is appendicoliths?

A

calculi in the appendix

39
Q

What is Crohn’s ileocolitis?

A

inflammation of the bowel

appendix may be involved…often associated being the first sign of the disease

40
Q

What is intussusception?

A

When the bowel is telescoped inside of itself

41
Q

What is meckel’s diverticulum?

A

located: on the antimesenteric border of the ileum

intestinal obstruction, rectal bleeding, and diverticular inflammation

tissue left over from structures in the unborn baby’s digestive tract that were not fully reabsorbed before birth

42
Q

What is the technique used to image the appendix?

A

high - resolution linear transducer with graded compression

measures <6mm

43
Q

What is the pouch of the colon in the RLQ?

A

cecum

44
Q

what are the primary functions of the GI tract?

A

largest endocrine organ in the body

digestion and absorption

3-4 hrs food is converted to chyme by stomach, moves toward pylorus

most absorption occurs in small intestine

cholecystokinin and secretin

45
Q

When might you discover anemia in GI lab values?

A

chronic blood loss

46
Q

What lab value would be elevated with an infection in the GI tract?

A

WBC

47
Q

intraluminal air produces….

A

echogenic shadow

prevents sound beam from penetrating structures posteriorly

48
Q

the scattering and reflection effect of gas in the GI tract often produces …

A

incomplete or mottled distal acoustic shadow

49
Q

the _______ ___ _______ represent the wall, and its periserosal fat produces the _______ _______ _______ of the tract wall

A

rim of lucency

outer echogenic border

50
Q

If there is a cystic mass in the LUQ what does the sonographer need to do?

A

define if its the stomach or another mass

51
Q

What makes and excellent landmark for the head of the pancreas?

A

the duodenum when filled with a small amount of fluid

52
Q

What makes up 90-95% of stomach cancers

A

gastric carcinoma

6th leading cause of death

older males

1/2 occur in pylorus

sonographic: target or pseudokidney sign

53
Q

review pictures on power point

A

of GI Tract

54
Q

how can you distinguish between the colon and fluid collection?

A

look for peristalsis

55
Q

What is a recurrent granulomatous inflammatory disease that affects the terminal ileum and or any level of the colon

A

Crohn’s disease

56
Q

Where is diverticulum most common?

A

in the colon

Abdomen 2 (8 decks)

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