gastrointestinal Flashcards
all of the tongue muscles apart from one are innervated by which nerve
CNXII (hypoglossal)
which muscle is NOT innervated by CNXII
palatoglossus (innervated by vagus nerve CNX)
constrictor muscles (external layer of pharyngeal muscles) are innervated by what nerve
CNX - vagus nerve
inner longitudinal muscles of the pharynx are innervated by what nerves
CNIX (glossopharyngeal) and CNX (vagus)
stylopharyngeus is innervated by what nerve
CNIX - glossopharyngeal
what nerves stimulate the gag reflex
sensory - CNIX (glossopharyngeal)
motor - CNIX + CNX (glossopharyngeal and vagus)
what nerves supply the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue
general sensory - CNV(3) mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve
special sensory/taste - CNVII (facial)
what nerves supply the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue
general and special sensory - CNIX (glossopharyngeal)
muscles of the jaw that cause closing and opening are innervated by what nerve
CNV(3) - mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve
what muscles are involved in closing the jaw
masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid
what muscle is involved in opening the jaw
lateral pterygoid
what muscle plates are part of the sphenoid bone
pterygoid plates
what nerves supply parasympathetic innervation to the GI tract
vagus nerve - up to the distal end of the transverse colon
pelvic splanchnic nerves - (S2, S3, S4) from the descending colon to the anal canal
what are the visceral afferent fibres to the foregut
T6-T9
what are the visceral afferent fibres to the midgut
T8-T12
what are the visceral afferent fibres to the hindgut
T10-L2
what is the function of the gallbladder
stores and concentrates bile
what is the first branch of the abdominal aorta, at what vertebral level and what does it supply
coeliac trunk, at T12, foregut organs
describe the course of the splenic artery
tortuous course, runs along the superior aspect of the pancreas
function of spleen
spleen breaks down red blood cells to produce bilirubin
what ribs protect the spleen
ribs 9-11
what is the blood supply and venous drainage of the foregut
blood supply - coeliac trunk
venous drainage drainage - splenic vein
what is the blood supply and venous drainage of the midgut
blood supply - superior mesenteric artery
venous drainage - superior mesenteric vein
what is the blood supply and venous drainage of the hindgut
blood supply - inferior mesenteric artery
venous drainage - inferior mesenteric vein
what arteries supply blood to the stomach
lesser curvature - right (from hepatic artery) and left (from coeliac trunk) gastric arteries
greater curvature - right (from gastroduodenal branch of hepatic artery) and left (from splenic artery) gastro-omental arteries
what ribs does the liver lie deep to
ribs 7-11
what are the 4 liver lobes
right, left, caudate, quadrate
what is the blood supply to the gallbladder
cystic artery
what is the name of the space between the liver and diaphragm
subphrenic recess
what is the name of the space under the liver
hepatorenal recess
what does the portal triad consist of
hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, common bile duct
what is the location of where the bile duct joins the pancreatic duct called
they join to form the ampulla of vater
what is jaundice caused by
increase in blood levels of bilirubin
what is the blood supply to the pancreas
- pancreatic branches of splenic arteries
- superior (from gastroduodenal branch of hepatic artery) and inferior (from SMA) pancreaticoduodenal arteries
is the duodenum intra or retro peritoneal
first part - intraperitoneal
second, third and fourth parts = retroperitoneal
what are the paracolic gutters
spaces between the colon and the abdominal wall (left and right lateral paracolic gutters), part of the greater sac
what is McBurney’s point and where is it located
the appendiceal orifice, located on the posteromedial wall of the caecum, 1/3rd of the way between the ASIS and the umbilicus
what vertebral level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate at
L4, bifurcates into common iliacs
what is the blood supply to the rectum and anal canal
hindgut part - superior rectal artery from IMA somatic part (below pectinate line) - middle and inferior rectal arteries from the internal iliac artery
what is the main arterial anastomosis in the large intestine called
marginal artery of drummond
what is the main anastomosis in the small intestine called
arterial arcade
what are the 3 important sites of portal-systemic anastomoses
- distal end of the oesophagus
- skin around the umbilicus
- rectum/anal canal
what muscle is the pelvic floor
levator ani muscle
where does the sigmoid colon becomes the rectum
rectosigmoid junction, anterior to S3
where does the rectum become the anal canal
anterior to the tip of the coccyx
what are the 3 muscles associated with levator ani
- iliococcygeus
- pubococcygeus
- puborectalis
what is the nerve supply to the levator ani
- a branch of the sacral plexus, S3, S4
- pudendal nerve (S2, S3, S4)
what is the function of the pudendal nerve
contraction of the external anal sphincter
what is the phrase to describe the nerve root of the pudendal nerve
S2, 3, 4 keeps the pelvis off the floor
what is the lymphatic drainage for the structures above the pectinate line
inferior mesenteric nodes
what is the lymphatic drainage for structures below the pectinate line
superficial inguinal nodes
what is the venous drainage structures below the pectinate line
internal iliac vein
what is the venous drainage for structures above the pectinate line
inferior mesenteric artery
where is the ischioanal fossae
either side of the anal canal
what does bile from the liver travel through
common hepatic duct
bile from the gallbladder travels through what
cystic duct into common bile duct
