Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacy 🤌🏼 > Gastrointestinal > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Flashcards

1
Q

Give examples of anti-emetic drugs:

A

Cyclizine, metoclopramide and prochlorperazine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the mechanism of action of prochlorperazine?

A

Penothiazine anti-psychotic drug used as an anti-emetic
Dopamine (D2) receptor antagonist
Causes increased dopamine turnover (in mesolimbic and chemoreceptor trigger zone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When would prochlorperazine be prescribed?

A

For nausea and vomiting or as an adjunct in some psychotic disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are side effects of prochlorperazine?

A

Dry mouth
Tachycardia
Restlessness
Drowsiness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the types of anti-emetics?

A

A. Anti-cholinergics (Hyoscine hydrobromide).
Blocks acetylcholine neurotransmitters in the CNS and the PNS

B. Anti-histamines (Cyclizine)
H1 histamine receptor antagonist

C. Serotonin antagonists (Ondansetron)
Block serotonin receptors in the CNS and the GIT

D. Phenothiazines (Prochlorperazine).
Dopamine receptor antagonist (D2 receptor antagonist)

E. Motility stimulants (Metoclorpramide).
Dopamine receptor antagonist (D2 receptor antagonist)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the mechanism of action of metoclopramide?

A

Dopamine (D2) receptor antagonist
Raises activity in the chemoreceptor trigger zone} reducing input from afferent visceral nerves
Also increases gastric emptying and intestinal transit
Reduced esophageal reflux

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

When is metaclopramide administered?

A

To treat nausea, vomiting and increase gastric emptying

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are side effects of metoclopramide?

A 
Dystonia (due to dopamine antagonism)
Confusion
Dizziness
Diarrhoea
Parkinsonism with long term use
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the mechanism of action of cyclizine?

A

Histamine H1 receptor antagonist
Acts on vomiting center in the medullary region
Mild anti-cholinergic and anbti-muscarinic effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

When would cyclizine be given?

A

Nausea and vomiting
Motion sickness
Vertigo and dizziness
Prophylaxis alongside chemotherapy and opiate analgesic use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are side effects of cyclizine?

A

Headache, sedation, diarrhoea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Give examples of laxatives:

A

Lactulose, senna

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the mechanism of action of lactulose?

A

Reduces water absorption in the intestine, pulling water into the bowel and promoting distention and movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the mechanism of action of senna?

A

It is a stimulant/irritant agent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When are laxatives prescribed?

A

For constipation, pregnancy and prophylaxis in opiate analgesic use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the side effects of laxatives?

A

Dehydration
Salt loss
Abdominal cramps
Fatigue

17
Q

What are the types of laxatives?

A

A. Bulk producing agent - adds more substance so that they can pass through intestine easily (lactulose)

B. Stool softeners - adds mole water and fat into the stool

C. Stimulant or irritant - acts on intestinal mucosa and alters water and electrolyte secretion (senna)

D. Hydrating agents - intestines hold more water (milk of magnesia)

18
Q

Give examples of H2 receptor antagonists:

A

Ranitidine
Cimetidine
Famotidine
Nizatidine

19
Q

What is the mechanism of action of H2 receptor antagonists?

A

Histamine binds to H2 receptors on gastric parietal cells stimulating gastric acid secretion
Drugs antagonise the effect of histamine at these H2 receptors
Reduced cAMP and hence reduced activity of H/K ATPase pump

20
Q

When are H2 receptor antagonists prescribed?

A

Peptic ulcer, GORD, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

21
Q

What are the side effects of H2 receptor antagonists?

A 
Headache
Dizziness
Diarrhoea
Reduced B12 absorption
Gynaecomastia
22
Q

What is a specific side effect of cimetidine?

A

It inhibits cytochrome p450 enzymes

23
Q

Give examples of PPIs:

A

Omeprazole
Lansoprazole
Pantoprazole

24
Q

What is the mechanism of action of PPIs?

A

Bind to H/K ATPase pump on gastric parietal cells

Reduces HI production and hence reduced gastric acidity

25
Q

When are PPIs prescribed?

A 
Peptic ulcers
Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease
H.Pylori infection
Prophylaxis in patients receiving long term NSAIDs
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
26
Q

What are side effects of PPIs?

A 
Nausea
Vomiting
Insomnia
Vertigo
Headaches

Omeprazole also inhibits cytochrome p450 enzymes

Pharmacy 🤌🏼 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions