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Pharmacy 🤌🏼 > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What are sulphonylureas used for?

A

Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, alongside diet and exercise

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2
Q

What are the side effects of sulphonylureas?

A

Hypoglycaemia, rashes, nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, indigestion, weight loss

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3
Q

Give examples of sulphonylureas:

A

Gliclazide (short-acting) and glimepiride (long-acting)

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4
Q

What is the mechanism of action of sulphonylureas?

A

Stimulates B cells of the pancreas to produce more insulin

Increases cellular glucose uptake and glycogenesis

Reduces gluconeogenesis

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5
Q

Who are biguanides used for?

A

Patients with either type 2 diabtes mellitus or PCOS (metabolic/reproductive abnormalities)

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6
Q

What are side effects of biguanides?

A

Diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, taste changes, appetite loss, risk of lactic acidosis in patients with renal failure

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7
Q

Give an example of a biguanide:

A

Metformin

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8
Q

What is the mechanism of action of biguanides?

A

Increases activity of AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK) which inhibits gluconeogenesis

Reduces insulin resistance

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9
Q

Give examples of GLP-1 agonists:

A

Exanatide and liraglutide

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10
Q

What is the mechanism of action of GLP-1 agonists?

A

GLP-1 is a hormone usually released after meals to increase insulin secretion. These drugs therefore increase insulin secretion, decrease glucagon secretion and reduce hunger.

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11
Q

Who are GLP-1 agonists prescribed to?

A

Type 2 diabetics with excess weight

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12
Q

What are side effects of GLP-1 agonists?

A

Hypoglycaemia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea

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13
Q

Give an example of a synthetic thyroid hormone:

A

Levothyroxine

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14
Q

What is the mechanism of action of synthetic thyroid hormone?

A

Thyroxine increases the metabolic rate of all tissues in the body. It is a synthetically prepared levo-isomer of thyroxine which acts like T4 and gets converted to T3 in the liver and kidney.

It maintains brain function, food metabolism, and body temperature, among other effects.

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15
Q

Who would be prescribed synthetic thyroid hormone?

A

Patients with hypothyroidism or chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis

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16
Q

What are side effects of synthetic thyroid hormone?

A 
Chest pain
Coma
Diarrhoea
Tachycardia
Itching
Muscle cramps

If dosing is correct, side effects are unusual.

17
Q

What are thionamides?

A

Thionamides are anti-thyroid drugs like carbimazole and propylthiouracil

18
Q

What is the mechanism of action of thionamides?

A

Reduces activity of peroxidase enzyme (required for the production of thyroid hormones).

It may also reduce peripheral conversion of T4 to T3.

Carbimazole is a pro-drug.

19
Q

Who are thionamides prescribed to?

A

Patients with hyperthyroidism, thyrotoxicosis or with upcoming thyroid surgery

20
Q

What side effects do thionamides have?

A

Rash, agranulocytosis and sore throat

21
Q

Give two examples of bisphosphates:

A

Alendronate (Alendronic acid)

Ibandronate

22
Q

What is the mechanism of action of bisphosphates?

A

Inhibits osteoclast bone resorption

No effect on bone formation

23
Q

What are side effects of bisphosphonates?

A 
Abdominal pain
Dyspepsia
Acid regurgitation
Dysphagia
Headache
24
Q

Who would be prescribed bisphosphonates?

A

Patients with Pagets disease, post menopausal osteoporosis or high risk of fractures

25
Q

Give examples of oral contraceptive pills:

A

Microgynon - combined progesterone and oestrogen

Cerazette - progesterone only

26
Q

What is the mechanism of action of the oral contraceptive pill?

A

Acts on female reproductive tract, the mammary glands, hypothalamus and the pituitary gland

Reduces the production for gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

Blunts the LH surge that stimulates ovulation

27
Q

When would oral contraceptive pill be given?

A

As contraception, for menopausal/post-menopausal disorders or for PCOS

28
Q

What are side effects of the oral contraceptive pill?

A

Mood swings
Headache
Breast tenderness
Increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer (small)
Increased risk of venous thromboembolic disease (small)

Pharmacy 🤌🏼 (6 decks)

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