Gastroenterology Flashcards
1
Q
two alternate names for the gastrointestinal system
A
alimentary canal
digestive system
2
Q
swallowing
A
deglutition
3
Q
area of the brain that receives and interprets tastes from the tongue
A
gustatory cortex
4
Q
chewing
A
mastication
5
Q
mucous membrane that lines the gastrointestinal system
A
mucosa
6
Q
mouth
A
oral cavity
7
Q
roof of mouth
A
palate
8
Q
throat
A
pharynx
9
Q
three pairs of salivary glands
A
parotid
sublingual
submandibular
10
Q
fleshy hanging part of the soft palate
A
uvula
11
Q
first part of the stomach just after the esophagus
A
cardia
12
Q
mixture of partially digested food, saliva, enzymes and fluids
A
chyme
13
Q
tube that moves food from the pharynx to the stomach
A
esophagus
14
Q
rounded, top part of the stomach
A
fundus
15
Q
muscular ring that keeps food in the stomach from going back into the esophagus
A
lower esophageal sphincter
16
Q
contractions that propel food through the gastrointestinal tract
A
peristalsis
17
Q
muscular ring that closes and opens to allow chyme from the stomach into the duodenum
A
pyloric sphincter
18
Q
last part of the stomach before it joins the duodenum
A
pylorus
19
Q
deep folds in the gastric mucosa that expand to accomodate food
A
rugae
20
Q
organ of digestion between the esophagus and small intestine
A
stomach
21
Q
4 areas of the stomach
A
cardia
fundus
body
pylorus
22
Q
secretes hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, gastrin, and intrinsic factor
A
stomach
23
Q
external opening of the rectum
A
anus
24
Q
short sac that is the first part of the large intestine
A
cecum
25
long, thin pouch on the exterior wall of the cecum that does not play a role in digestion
appendix
26
longest part of the large intestine
colon
27
four parts of the colon
ascending colon
transverse colon
descending colon
sigmoid colon
28
first part of the small intestine
duodenum
29
pouches in the wall of the large intestine that expand to accomodate undigested materials
haustra
30
third part of the small intestine
ileum
31
second part of the small intestine
jejunum
32
organ of absorption between the small intestine and the anus
large intestine
33
central open area inside a tubular structure
lumen
34
last part of the large intestine
rectum
35
organ of digestion and absorption between the stomach and large intestine
small intestine
36
four parts of the large intestine
cecum
colon
rectum
anus
37
three parts of the small intestine
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
38
microscopic projections of the mucosa in the small intestine which produces lactace and maximizes absorption of nutrients
villi
39
bitter thick fluid produced y the liver and stored in the gallbladder and digests fatty foods
bile
40
red bile
bilirubin
41
green bile
biliverdin
42
part of the abdominal aorta where arteries branch off
celiac trunk
43
stores and concentrates bile
gallbladder
44
produces bile
liver
45
thick fan shaped sheet of peritoneum
omentum
46
organ which secretes amylase, lipase, and protein digesting enzymes
pancreas
47
double layer membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and surrounds each gastrointestinal organ
peritoneum
48
process by which digested nutrients move through villi and into the blood
absorption
49
digestive enzyme in saliva, also secreted by the pancreas
amylase
50
hormone secreted by the duodenum and stimulates the gallbladder to release bile and the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes
cholecystokinin
51
bowel movement
defecation
52
breaking down food into nutrients
digestion
53
process in which bile breaks down fat
emulsification
54
substances that speed up chemical reactions in the body
enzymes
55
gas produced by bacteria in the large intestine
flatus
56
hormone produced by the stomach that stimulates the release of hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen
gastrin
57
strong acid produced by the stomach
hydrochloric acid
58
digestive enzyme from villi in the small intestine which breaks down sugars in milk
lactase
59
digestive enzyme from the pancreas which breaks down fat
lipase
60
digestive enzyme in the stomach which converts hydrochloric acid into pepsin
pepsinogen
61
decreased appetite
anorexia
62
difficult or painful eating or swallowing
dysphagia
63
excessive overeating
polyphagia
64
inflammation and cracking of the lips and corners of the mouth
cheilitis
65
stone in the salivary gland duct which blocks the flow of saliva
sialolithiasis
66
inflammation of the oral mucosa
stomatitis
67
inflammation of the tongue
glossitis
68
indigestion caused by excess stomach acid, spicy foods, overeating, or stress
dyspepsia
69
swollen protruding veins in the mucosa of the lower esophagus and stomach which can hemorrhage suddenly, caused when liver disease causes blood to back up which takes an alternate route
esophageal varices
70
acute or chronic inflammation of the stomach from spicy foods, excess acid production, or bacterial infection
gastritis
71
acute inflammation or infection of the stomach and intestines due to a virus or bacterium
gastroenteritis
72
chronic inflammation and irritation due to reflux of stomach acid
gastroesophageal refllux disease
73
two words for temporary inflammation of the esophagus due to reflux of stomach acid
heartburn
| pyrosis
74
vomiting of blood
hematemesis
75
vomiting
emesis
76
expelled food or chyme
vomitus
77
reflux of small amounts of food and acid into the mouth without vomiting
regurgitation
78
chronic irritation, burning pain, and erosion of the mucosa to form an ulcer
peptic ulcer disease
79
bacterium which causes peptic ulcer disease or stomach cancer
h. pylori
80
cancerous tumor of the stomach
adenocarcinoma
81
abnormal absence of peristalsis in the small and large intestines caused by obstipation, tumor, adhesions, hernia, or surgery
ileus
82
telescoping of one segment of intestine inside the lumen of the next segment
intussusception
83
twisting or rotating of the intestine around itself
volvulus
84
another word for volvulus
malrotation
85
inflammation and infection of the appenix
appendicitis
86
common abdominal pain in babies soon after eating
colici
87
cancerous tumor of the colon
colorectal adenocarcinoma
88
weakness in the wall of the colon where the mucosa forms a pouch or tube, caused from straining to pass small compact feces
diverticulum
89
inflammation, infection, abdominal pain, and fever caused by trapped feces in the diverticulum
diverticulitis
90
condition of multiple diverticula
diverticulosis
91
bacterial infecction caused by a strain of e coli
dysentery
92
autoimmune disorder and toxic reaction to gluten
celiac disease
93
another term for celiac disease
gluten sensitivity enteropathy
94
chronic inflammation of various parts of the small and large intestines with diarrhea, bloody feces, abdominal cramps, and fever
inflammatory bowel disease
95
type of IBD which affects the ileum and colon and makes ulcers which can partially obstruct the intestine
crohns disease
96
another term for crohns disease
regional enteritis
97
type of IBD that affects the colon and rectum and causes inflammation and ulcers
ulcerative colitis
98
disorder of the function of the colon but it never shows visible signs of inflammation, causes cramping, abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, constipation and excessive mucus
irritable bowel syndrome
99
two other terms for IBS
spastic colon
| mucous colitis
100
small fleshy benign or precancerous growth in the mucosa of the colon
polyp
101
type of polyp with a thin stalk that supports an irregular ball shaped top
pedunculated polyp
102
type of polyp which is a mound with a broad base
sessile polyp
103
inherited condition of multiple colon polyps
benign familial polyposis
104
swollen protruding veins in the rectum or on the skin around the anus
hemorrhoids
105
another term for hemorrhoids
piles
106
inflammation of the rectum due to radiation therapy, ulcers, or infection
proctitis
107
protruding wall of the rectum pushes on the adjacent vaginal wall causing it to collaps inward or protrude
rectocele
108
failure to have regular soft bowel movements
constipation
109
severe unrelieved constipation
obstipation
110
hardened feces that become a stone like mass
fecalith
111
abnormally frequent, loose, and sometimes watery feces
diarrhea
112
excessive amounts of gas in the stomach or intestines
flatulence
113
blood in the feces
hematochezia
114
inability to voluntarily control bowel movements
incontinence
115
greasy frothy foul smelling feces that contain undigested fats
steatorrhea
116
fibrous bands that form after surgery in the abdominal cavity
adhesions
117
weakness in the muscle of the diaphragm or abdominal wall
hernia
118
hernia which moves back and forth between the hernia sac and abdominopelvic cavity
sliding or reducible hernia
119
intestine swells within the hernia sac and becomes trapped
incarcerated or irreducible hernia
120
incarcerated hernia whose blood supply has been cut off
strangulated hernia
121
hernia where the stomach bulges up into the opening where the esophagus comes through the diaphragm
hiatal hernia
122
hernia at the navel
umbilical hernia
123
hernia present at birth that is only covered with peritoneum, without any fat or abdominal skin
omphalocele
124
hernia in the groin
inguinal hernia
125
hernia along a suture line
incisional hernia
126
inflammation and infection of the peritoneum which causes drainage and bacteria to spill into the abdominopelvic cavity
peritonitis
127
accumulation of fluid in the abdominopelvic cavity
ascites
128
chronic progressive inflammation and finally irreversible degeneration of the liver with nodules and scarring
cirrhosis
129
virus which causes inflammation and infection of the liver
hepatitis
130
type of hepatitis which is acute and short lived caused by exposure to contaminated food or water
hepatitis A
131
type of hepatitis spread during sexual activity or exposure to infected blood
hepatitis B
132
type of hepatitis caused by contaminated needles or blood exposure and is the main cause of chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and liver cancer
hepatitis C
133
type of hepatitis caused by a mutated hepatitis B virus
hepatitis D
134
another term for hepatitis D
delta hepatitis
135
type of hepatitis similiar to hepatitis A but rarely occurs in the US
hepatitis E
136
enlargement of the liver
hepatomegaly
137
enlargement of the liver and spleen
hepatosplenomegaly
138
yellowish discoloration of the skin and whites of eyes
jaundice
139
cancerous tumor of the liver
hepatoma
140
acute or chronic inflammation of the bile ducts from cirrhosis or gallstones
cholangitis
141
acute or chronic inflammation of the gallbladder
cholecystitis
142
severe pain caused when the gallbladder contracts
biliary colic
143
one or more gallstones in the gallbladder
cholelithiasis
144
gallstone stuck in the common bile duct
choledocholithiasis
145
cancerous tumor of the pancreas
adenocarcinoma
146
inflammation or infection of the pancreas
pancreatitis
147
blood test for the major protein in the blood, low levels indicate liver disease
albumin
148
blood test for enzyme found in liver and bone cells, high levels indicate liver or bone disease
alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
149
blood test for two enzymes found in the liver, high levels indicate damaged liver cells
ALT and AST
150
New name for blood test formerly known as SGPT and SGOT
ALT and AST
151
blood test for these levels which could indicate liver disease or gallstones
bilirubin
152
test for an enzyme which is mainly found in the liver, high levels indicate damaged liver cells
GGT
| GGTP
153
panel of individual blood tests performed at the same time which includes albumin, bilirubin, ALT, AST, and GGT, as well as prothrombin time
liver function tests
154
rapid screening test to detect h pylori
CLO test
155
test to determine which bacterium is causing an intestinal infection determine which antibiotic to use
culture and sensitivity
| CAS
156
test for hidden blood in the feces
fecal occult blood test
157
test to determie the amount of hydrochloric acid in the stomach where a tube is inserted and fluid is collected
gastric analysis
158
test to determine if there is a parasitic infection in the gastrointestinal tract
ova and parasites
| O&P
159
procedure that uses liquid contrast medium inserted into the rectum and colon
barium enema
| BE
160
procedure that uses a contrast dye to outline the bile ducts and then an xray is taken to show gallstones
cholangiography
161
procedure that uses xrays to create images of abdominal organs and structures in many thin successive slices
computerized axial tomography
CAT
CT scan
162
Procedure that uses an xray without contrast dye, the patient lies in the supine position on the table for this procedure
flat plate of the abdomen
163
procedure that uses high frequency sound waves to create images of the gallbladder
gallbladder ultrasound
164
procedure that uses a strong magnetic field to align protons in the atoms of a patients body which creates very detailed images as thin successive slices
magnetic resonance imaging
| MRI
165
procedure that uses tablets of iodinated contrast dye taken orally and then an xray is taken to find gallbladder problems
oral cholecystography
166
procedure that uses swallowed barium and fleuroscopy (continuously moving xray) to follow it through the small intestine to find ulcers tumors or obstruction
upper gastrointestinal series
| UGI
167
barium swallow
upper gastrointestinal series
168
procedure to insert a long flexible tube through the nose into the stomach
insertion of nasogastric tube
169
procedure to remove fluid from the abdomen using a needle and a vacuum container
abdominocentesis
170
procedure to remove the appendix
appendectomy
171
procedure to remove a small piece of tissue and examine under a microscope for abnormal or cancerous cells
biopsy
172
procedure to remove a section of diseased intestine and rejoin the intestine together
bowel resection and anastomosis
173
procedure to remove the gallbladder
cholecystectomy
174
procedure to make an incision in the common bile duct to remove a gallstone
choledocholithotomy
175
procedure to remove the diseased part of the colon and create a new opening in the abdominal wall where feces can leave the body
colostomy
176
mouth like opening
stoma
177
procedure to remove part of the ileum and colon and create a stoma
ileostomy
178
procedure that uses a scope to internally examine the gastrointestinal tract
endoscopy
179
procedure that uses a long abdominal incision to open the abdominopelvic cavity widely so that it can be explored
exploratory laparotomy
180
procedure to remove all or part of the stomach because of a cancerous or benign tumor
gastrectomy
181
procedure to treat severe obesity
gastroplasty
182
procedure to create a temporary or permanent opening from the abdominal wall into the stomach to insert a feeding tube
gastrostomy
183
procedure to remove hemorrhoids
hemorrhoidectomy
184
procedure that uses sutures to close a defect in the muscle wall where there is a hernia
herniorrhaphy
185
procedure to create a temporary or permanent opening from the abdominal wall into the jejunum to insert a feeding tube
jejunostomy
186
procedure to remove one or more polyps from the colon using forceps or a snare
polypectomy
187
drugs to treat heartburn by neutralizing acid in the stomach
antacid drugs
188
drugs to treat gastrointestinal infections caused by bacteria
antibiotic drugs
189
drugs to treat diarrhea by slowing peristalsis
antidiarrheal drugs
190
drugs to treat nausea and vomiting and motion sickness
antiemetic drugs
191
drugs to treat GERD and peptic ulcers by blocking receptors that trigger the release of hydrochloric acid
H2 blocker drugs
192
drugs to treat constipation
laxative drugs
193
drugs to treat GERD and peptic ulcers by blocking the final step in the production of hydrochloric acid
proton pump inhibitor drugs
