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Medical Terminology > Gastroenterology > Flashcards

Gastroenterology Flashcards

1
Q

two alternate names for the gastrointestinal system

A

alimentary canal

digestive system

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2
Q

swallowing

A

deglutition

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3
Q

area of the brain that receives and interprets tastes from the tongue

A

gustatory cortex

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4
Q

chewing

A

mastication

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5
Q

mucous membrane that lines the gastrointestinal system

A

mucosa

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6
Q

mouth

A

oral cavity

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7
Q

roof of mouth

A

palate

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8
Q

throat

A

pharynx

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9
Q

three pairs of salivary glands

A

parotid
sublingual
submandibular

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10
Q

fleshy hanging part of the soft palate

A

uvula

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11
Q

first part of the stomach just after the esophagus

A

cardia

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12
Q

mixture of partially digested food, saliva, enzymes and fluids

A

chyme

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13
Q

tube that moves food from the pharynx to the stomach

A

esophagus

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14
Q

rounded, top part of the stomach

A

fundus

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15
Q

muscular ring that keeps food in the stomach from going back into the esophagus

A

lower esophageal sphincter

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16
Q

contractions that propel food through the gastrointestinal tract

A

peristalsis

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17
Q

muscular ring that closes and opens to allow chyme from the stomach into the duodenum

A

pyloric sphincter

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18
Q

last part of the stomach before it joins the duodenum

A

pylorus

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19
Q

deep folds in the gastric mucosa that expand to accomodate food

A

rugae

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20
Q

organ of digestion between the esophagus and small intestine

A

stomach

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21
Q

4 areas of the stomach

A

cardia
fundus
body
pylorus

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22
Q

secretes hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, gastrin, and intrinsic factor

A

stomach

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23
Q

external opening of the rectum

A

anus

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24
Q

short sac that is the first part of the large intestine

A

cecum

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25
Q

long, thin pouch on the exterior wall of the cecum that does not play a role in digestion

A

appendix

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26
Q

longest part of the large intestine

A

colon

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27
Q

four parts of the colon

A

ascending colon
transverse colon
descending colon
sigmoid colon

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28
Q

first part of the small intestine

A

duodenum

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29
Q

pouches in the wall of the large intestine that expand to accomodate undigested materials

A

haustra

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30
Q

third part of the small intestine

A

ileum

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31
Q

second part of the small intestine

A

jejunum

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32
Q

organ of absorption between the small intestine and the anus

A

large intestine

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33
Q

central open area inside a tubular structure

A

lumen

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34
Q

last part of the large intestine

A

rectum

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35
Q

organ of digestion and absorption between the stomach and large intestine

A

small intestine

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36
Q

four parts of the large intestine

A

cecum
colon
rectum
anus

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37
Q

three parts of the small intestine

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

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38
Q

microscopic projections of the mucosa in the small intestine which produces lactace and maximizes absorption of nutrients

A

villi

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39
Q

bitter thick fluid produced y the liver and stored in the gallbladder and digests fatty foods

A

bile

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40
Q

red bile

A

bilirubin

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41
Q

green bile

A

biliverdin

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42
Q

part of the abdominal aorta where arteries branch off

A

celiac trunk

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43
Q

stores and concentrates bile

A

gallbladder

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44
Q

produces bile

A

liver

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45
Q

thick fan shaped sheet of peritoneum

A

omentum

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46
Q

organ which secretes amylase, lipase, and protein digesting enzymes

A

pancreas

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47
Q

double layer membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and surrounds each gastrointestinal organ

A

peritoneum

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48
Q

process by which digested nutrients move through villi and into the blood

A

absorption

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49
Q

digestive enzyme in saliva, also secreted by the pancreas

A

amylase

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50
Q

hormone secreted by the duodenum and stimulates the gallbladder to release bile and the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes

A

cholecystokinin

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51
Q

bowel movement

A

defecation

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52
Q

breaking down food into nutrients

A

digestion

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53
Q

process in which bile breaks down fat

A

emulsification

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54
Q

substances that speed up chemical reactions in the body

A

enzymes

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55
Q

gas produced by bacteria in the large intestine

A

flatus

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56
Q

hormone produced by the stomach that stimulates the release of hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen

A

gastrin

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57
Q

strong acid produced by the stomach

A

hydrochloric acid

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58
Q

digestive enzyme from villi in the small intestine which breaks down sugars in milk

A

lactase

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59
Q

digestive enzyme from the pancreas which breaks down fat

A

lipase

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60
Q

digestive enzyme in the stomach which converts hydrochloric acid into pepsin

A

pepsinogen

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61
Q

decreased appetite

A

anorexia

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62
Q

difficult or painful eating or swallowing

A

dysphagia

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63
Q

excessive overeating

A

polyphagia

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64
Q

inflammation and cracking of the lips and corners of the mouth

A

cheilitis

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65
Q

stone in the salivary gland duct which blocks the flow of saliva

A

sialolithiasis

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66
Q

inflammation of the oral mucosa

A

stomatitis

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67
Q

inflammation of the tongue

A

glossitis

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68
Q

indigestion caused by excess stomach acid, spicy foods, overeating, or stress

A

dyspepsia

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69
Q

swollen protruding veins in the mucosa of the lower esophagus and stomach which can hemorrhage suddenly, caused when liver disease causes blood to back up which takes an alternate route

A

esophageal varices

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70
Q

acute or chronic inflammation of the stomach from spicy foods, excess acid production, or bacterial infection

A

gastritis

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71
Q

acute inflammation or infection of the stomach and intestines due to a virus or bacterium

A

gastroenteritis

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72
Q

chronic inflammation and irritation due to reflux of stomach acid

A

gastroesophageal refllux disease

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73
Q

two words for temporary inflammation of the esophagus due to reflux of stomach acid

A

heartburn

pyrosis

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74
Q

vomiting of blood

A

hematemesis

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75
Q

vomiting

A

emesis

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76
Q

expelled food or chyme

A

vomitus

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77
Q

reflux of small amounts of food and acid into the mouth without vomiting

A

regurgitation

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78
Q

chronic irritation, burning pain, and erosion of the mucosa to form an ulcer

A

peptic ulcer disease

79
Q

bacterium which causes peptic ulcer disease or stomach cancer

A

h. pylori

80
Q

cancerous tumor of the stomach

A

adenocarcinoma

81
Q

abnormal absence of peristalsis in the small and large intestines caused by obstipation, tumor, adhesions, hernia, or surgery

A

ileus

82
Q

telescoping of one segment of intestine inside the lumen of the next segment

A

intussusception

83
Q

twisting or rotating of the intestine around itself

A

volvulus

84
Q

another word for volvulus

A

malrotation

85
Q

inflammation and infection of the appenix

A

appendicitis

86
Q

common abdominal pain in babies soon after eating

A

colici

87
Q

cancerous tumor of the colon

A

colorectal adenocarcinoma

88
Q

weakness in the wall of the colon where the mucosa forms a pouch or tube, caused from straining to pass small compact feces

A

diverticulum

89
Q

inflammation, infection, abdominal pain, and fever caused by trapped feces in the diverticulum

A

diverticulitis

90
Q

condition of multiple diverticula

A

diverticulosis

91
Q

bacterial infecction caused by a strain of e coli

A

dysentery

92
Q

autoimmune disorder and toxic reaction to gluten

A

celiac disease

93
Q

another term for celiac disease

A

gluten sensitivity enteropathy

94
Q

chronic inflammation of various parts of the small and large intestines with diarrhea, bloody feces, abdominal cramps, and fever

A

inflammatory bowel disease

95
Q

type of IBD which affects the ileum and colon and makes ulcers which can partially obstruct the intestine

A

crohns disease

96
Q

another term for crohns disease

A

regional enteritis

97
Q

type of IBD that affects the colon and rectum and causes inflammation and ulcers

A

ulcerative colitis

98
Q

disorder of the function of the colon but it never shows visible signs of inflammation, causes cramping, abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, constipation and excessive mucus

A

irritable bowel syndrome

99
Q

two other terms for IBS

A

spastic colon

mucous colitis

100
Q

small fleshy benign or precancerous growth in the mucosa of the colon

A

polyp

101
Q

type of polyp with a thin stalk that supports an irregular ball shaped top

A

pedunculated polyp

102
Q

type of polyp which is a mound with a broad base

A

sessile polyp

103
Q

inherited condition of multiple colon polyps

A

benign familial polyposis

104
Q

swollen protruding veins in the rectum or on the skin around the anus

A

hemorrhoids

105
Q

another term for hemorrhoids

A

piles

106
Q

inflammation of the rectum due to radiation therapy, ulcers, or infection

A

proctitis

107
Q

protruding wall of the rectum pushes on the adjacent vaginal wall causing it to collaps inward or protrude

A

rectocele

108
Q

failure to have regular soft bowel movements

A

constipation

109
Q

severe unrelieved constipation

A

obstipation

110
Q

hardened feces that become a stone like mass

A

fecalith

111
Q

abnormally frequent, loose, and sometimes watery feces

A

diarrhea

112
Q

excessive amounts of gas in the stomach or intestines

A

flatulence

113
Q

blood in the feces

A

hematochezia

114
Q

inability to voluntarily control bowel movements

A

incontinence

115
Q

greasy frothy foul smelling feces that contain undigested fats

A

steatorrhea

116
Q

fibrous bands that form after surgery in the abdominal cavity

A

adhesions

117
Q

weakness in the muscle of the diaphragm or abdominal wall

A

hernia

118
Q

hernia which moves back and forth between the hernia sac and abdominopelvic cavity

A

sliding or reducible hernia

119
Q

intestine swells within the hernia sac and becomes trapped

A

incarcerated or irreducible hernia

120
Q

incarcerated hernia whose blood supply has been cut off

A

strangulated hernia

121
Q

hernia where the stomach bulges up into the opening where the esophagus comes through the diaphragm

A

hiatal hernia

122
Q

hernia at the navel

A

umbilical hernia

123
Q

hernia present at birth that is only covered with peritoneum, without any fat or abdominal skin

A

omphalocele

124
Q

hernia in the groin

A

inguinal hernia

125
Q

hernia along a suture line

A

incisional hernia

126
Q

inflammation and infection of the peritoneum which causes drainage and bacteria to spill into the abdominopelvic cavity

A

peritonitis

127
Q

accumulation of fluid in the abdominopelvic cavity

A

ascites

128
Q

chronic progressive inflammation and finally irreversible degeneration of the liver with nodules and scarring

A

cirrhosis

129
Q

virus which causes inflammation and infection of the liver

A

hepatitis

130
Q

type of hepatitis which is acute and short lived caused by exposure to contaminated food or water

A

hepatitis A

131
Q

type of hepatitis spread during sexual activity or exposure to infected blood

A

hepatitis B

132
Q

type of hepatitis caused by contaminated needles or blood exposure and is the main cause of chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and liver cancer

A

hepatitis C

133
Q

type of hepatitis caused by a mutated hepatitis B virus

A

hepatitis D

134
Q

another term for hepatitis D

A

delta hepatitis

135
Q

type of hepatitis similiar to hepatitis A but rarely occurs in the US

A

hepatitis E

136
Q

enlargement of the liver

A

hepatomegaly

137
Q

enlargement of the liver and spleen

A

hepatosplenomegaly

138
Q

yellowish discoloration of the skin and whites of eyes

A

jaundice

139
Q

cancerous tumor of the liver

A

hepatoma

140
Q

acute or chronic inflammation of the bile ducts from cirrhosis or gallstones

A

cholangitis

141
Q

acute or chronic inflammation of the gallbladder

A

cholecystitis

142
Q

severe pain caused when the gallbladder contracts

A

biliary colic

143
Q

one or more gallstones in the gallbladder

A

cholelithiasis

144
Q

gallstone stuck in the common bile duct

A

choledocholithiasis

145
Q

cancerous tumor of the pancreas

A

adenocarcinoma

146
Q

inflammation or infection of the pancreas

A

pancreatitis

147
Q

blood test for the major protein in the blood, low levels indicate liver disease

A

albumin

148
Q

blood test for enzyme found in liver and bone cells, high levels indicate liver or bone disease

A

alkaline phosphatase (ALP)

149
Q

blood test for two enzymes found in the liver, high levels indicate damaged liver cells

A

ALT and AST

150
Q

New name for blood test formerly known as SGPT and SGOT

A

ALT and AST

151
Q

blood test for these levels which could indicate liver disease or gallstones

A

bilirubin

152
Q

test for an enzyme which is mainly found in the liver, high levels indicate damaged liver cells

A

GGT

GGTP

153
Q

panel of individual blood tests performed at the same time which includes albumin, bilirubin, ALT, AST, and GGT, as well as prothrombin time

A

liver function tests

154
Q

rapid screening test to detect h pylori

A

CLO test

155
Q

test to determine which bacterium is causing an intestinal infection determine which antibiotic to use

A

culture and sensitivity

CAS

156
Q

test for hidden blood in the feces

A

fecal occult blood test

157
Q

test to determie the amount of hydrochloric acid in the stomach where a tube is inserted and fluid is collected

A

gastric analysis

158
Q

test to determine if there is a parasitic infection in the gastrointestinal tract

A

ova and parasites

O&P

159
Q

procedure that uses liquid contrast medium inserted into the rectum and colon

A

barium enema

BE

160
Q

procedure that uses a contrast dye to outline the bile ducts and then an xray is taken to show gallstones

A

cholangiography

161
Q

procedure that uses xrays to create images of abdominal organs and structures in many thin successive slices

A

computerized axial tomography
CAT
CT scan

162
Q

Procedure that uses an xray without contrast dye, the patient lies in the supine position on the table for this procedure

A

flat plate of the abdomen

163
Q

procedure that uses high frequency sound waves to create images of the gallbladder

A

gallbladder ultrasound

164
Q

procedure that uses a strong magnetic field to align protons in the atoms of a patients body which creates very detailed images as thin successive slices

A

magnetic resonance imaging

MRI

165
Q

procedure that uses tablets of iodinated contrast dye taken orally and then an xray is taken to find gallbladder problems

A

oral cholecystography

166
Q

procedure that uses swallowed barium and fleuroscopy (continuously moving xray) to follow it through the small intestine to find ulcers tumors or obstruction

A

upper gastrointestinal series

UGI

167
Q

barium swallow

A

upper gastrointestinal series

168
Q

procedure to insert a long flexible tube through the nose into the stomach

A

insertion of nasogastric tube

169
Q

procedure to remove fluid from the abdomen using a needle and a vacuum container

A

abdominocentesis

170
Q

procedure to remove the appendix

A

appendectomy

171
Q

procedure to remove a small piece of tissue and examine under a microscope for abnormal or cancerous cells

A

biopsy

172
Q

procedure to remove a section of diseased intestine and rejoin the intestine together

A

bowel resection and anastomosis

173
Q

procedure to remove the gallbladder

A

cholecystectomy

174
Q

procedure to make an incision in the common bile duct to remove a gallstone

A

choledocholithotomy

175
Q

procedure to remove the diseased part of the colon and create a new opening in the abdominal wall where feces can leave the body

A

colostomy

176
Q

mouth like opening

A

stoma

177
Q

procedure to remove part of the ileum and colon and create a stoma

A

ileostomy

178
Q

procedure that uses a scope to internally examine the gastrointestinal tract

A

endoscopy

179
Q

procedure that uses a long abdominal incision to open the abdominopelvic cavity widely so that it can be explored

A

exploratory laparotomy

180
Q

procedure to remove all or part of the stomach because of a cancerous or benign tumor

A

gastrectomy

181
Q

procedure to treat severe obesity

A

gastroplasty

182
Q

procedure to create a temporary or permanent opening from the abdominal wall into the stomach to insert a feeding tube

A

gastrostomy

183
Q

procedure to remove hemorrhoids

A

hemorrhoidectomy

184
Q

procedure that uses sutures to close a defect in the muscle wall where there is a hernia

A

herniorrhaphy

185
Q

procedure to create a temporary or permanent opening from the abdominal wall into the jejunum to insert a feeding tube

A

jejunostomy

186
Q

procedure to remove one or more polyps from the colon using forceps or a snare

A

polypectomy

187
Q

drugs to treat heartburn by neutralizing acid in the stomach

A

antacid drugs

188
Q

drugs to treat gastrointestinal infections caused by bacteria

A

antibiotic drugs

189
Q

drugs to treat diarrhea by slowing peristalsis

A

antidiarrheal drugs

190
Q

drugs to treat nausea and vomiting and motion sickness

A

antiemetic drugs

191
Q

drugs to treat GERD and peptic ulcers by blocking receptors that trigger the release of hydrochloric acid

A

H2 blocker drugs

192
Q

drugs to treat constipation

A

laxative drugs

193
Q

drugs to treat GERD and peptic ulcers by blocking the final step in the production of hydrochloric acid

A

proton pump inhibitor drugs

Medical Terminology (6 decks)

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