Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PassMed > Gastroenterology > Flashcards

Gastroenterology Flashcards

1
Q

Most common cause of pancreatitis?

A

Gallstones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Causes of pancreatitis?

A

Gallstones
Ethanol (alcohol)
Trauma
Steroids
Mumps
Autoimmune disease (e.g. systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren’s syndrome)
Scorpion stings
Hypercalcaemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypothermia
ERCP
Drugs (e.g. thiazides, azathioprine, sulphonamides)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How is Glasgow score of pancreatitis interpreted?

A

A score over 3 indicates severe, score 1 point for each of the following

PaO2 < 8kPa
Age > 55 years
Neutrophils > 15
Calcium < 2
Renal i.e. Urea > 16
Enzymes i.e. LDH > 600 or AST > 200
Albumin < 32
Sugar i.e. Glucose > 10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

When should glasgow score for pancreatitis be calculated?

A

Within 48 hours of admission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Symptoms of pancreatitis?

A

Epigastric pain which radiates to the back
Nausea and vomiting
Diarrhoea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Signs of pancreatitis?

A

Abdominal tenderness
Peritonism
Tachycardia/ hypotension
Grey- Turners sign; bruising in flank
Cullens sign; bruising around umbilicus
Fox sign; bruising around inguinal ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Differentials for pancreatitis?

A

ACS
Perforated peptic ulcer
Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm
Bowel obstruction
Cholecystitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Investigations to diagnose pancreatitis?

A

ABG; pO2
ECG
Pregnancy test
Capillary glucose
FBC, CRP, LFT, U+E, amylase, lipase, LDH, lipid profile
autoimmune markers
Coagulation
Abdominal USS
CXR, MRCP, CT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Management of pancreatitis?

A

Catheterise and monitor urine input and output
NG tube
Enteral nutrition
IV fluids
Anti-emetics
Antibiotics
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Complications of pancreatitis?

A

Pancreatic pseudocyst
Pancreatic necrosis
Peripancreatic fluid collections
Haemorrhage
Pancreatic fistulae

Acute respiratory distress syndrome
AKI
DIC
Sepsis
Multi-organ failure
Hypocalcaemia
Hyperglycaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is porphyria?

A

Abnormalities in haem synthesis resulting in structural/ functional alterations in enzyme

Classified as acute or non-acute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Triggers for acute porphyria?

A

Antibiotics - Rifampicin, Isoniazid, Nitrofurantoin
Anaesthetic agents - Ketamine, Etomidate
Sulfonamides
Barbiturates
Antifungal agents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Symptoms of acute porphyria?

A

Abdominal pain
Nausea
Confusion
Hypertension
Seizures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Investigations to diagnose porphyria?

A

Urinary porphobilinogen; elevated
Urine appears red/ purple

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Management of acute porphyria?

A

Supportive
Haem arginate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Risk factors for alcoholic liver disease?

A

Genetic predisposition
Concurrent liver disease
Nutritional status
High alcohol consumption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does chronic alcohol consumption lead to?

A

Fatty liver
Alcoholic hepatitis
Cirrhosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Signs of Alcoholic hepatitis?

A

Jaundice
Fever
Hepatomegaly
Nausea
Vomiting
Malaise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Signs of cirrhosis?

A

Jaundice
Ascites
Hepatic encephalopathy
Bleeding
Spider naeviae
Palmar erythema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Differentials for alcoholic liver disease?

A

Non alcoholic liver disease
Viral hepatitis
Haemochromatosis
Wilsons disease
Autoimmune hepatitis
Primary biliary cirrhosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Bloods to diagnose liver disease?

A

FBC, LFT, Coagulation, serum albumin, viral serology, autoimmune markers, serum iron, ferritin, transferrin, ceruloplasmin

Ultrasound scan
CT/ MRI
FibroScan

Liver biopsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Management of alcoholic liver disease?

A

Alcohol withdrawal
1-3 months prednisolone in hepatitis
Coagulopathy; vit K or FFP
Manage complications

23
Q

Complications of alcoholic liver disease?

A

Reversible;
Alcoholic fatty liver
Early alcoholic hepatitis

Irreversible;
Cirrhosis
Hepatocellular carcinoma

24
Q

What is alpha 1 anti-trypsin deficiency?

A

Alpha 1 antitrypsin is a serine protease inhibitor that inhibits neutrophil elastase. Deficiency leads to damage to alveoli and liver

25
Q

Signs and symptoms of alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency?

A

COPD in young individuals
Neonatal jaundice
Deranged LFTs in those with no identifiable cause for cirrhosis

26
Q

Differentials for alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency?

A

COPD
Hepatitis
Alcoholic liver disease
NAFLD
Viral hepatitis

27
Q

Investigations to diagnose alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency?

A

Spirometry; obstructive picture
Alpha 1 antitrypsin levels
Genotyping
Imaging; CXR, CT thorax (panacinar emphysema)
Liver fibroscan
Liver biopsy

28
Q

Management of alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency?

A

Smoking cessation
IV alpha 1 antitrypsin
Liver transplantation

29
Q

Anti-emetics and their mechanism of action?

A

H1 receptor antagonists (cyclizine), indicated in vestibular disturbance
D2 receptor antagonists (domperidone, metoclopramide), indicated in post operative nausea, motion sickness
5HT3 receptor antagonist (ondansetron), indicated in acute gastroenteritis, post operative nausea, radiotherapy/ chemotherapy induced
Anti-muscarinic (hyoscine hydrobromide), indicated in vestibular disturbance, palliative care

30
Q

Which anti-emetics should be avoided in parkinsons?

A

Prochlorperazine, clorpromazine, haloperidol

31
Q

Antibodies in pernicious anaemia?

A

Intrinsic factor

32
Q

Antibodies in coeliac disease?

A

Anti-tissue transglutaminase IgA
Anti- endomysial IgA
Anti- deaminated gliadin peptide IgG

33
Q

Antibodies in primary biliary cirrhosis?

A

Antimitochondrial antibodies IgM

34
Q

Antibodies in autoimmune hepatitis?

A

Anti smooth muscle antibodies IgG

35
Q

What is ascites?

A

Abnormal accumulation of fluid within peritoneal cavity

36
Q

Aetiology of ascites?

A

Liver disease; cirrhosis, acute liver failure, liver metastases

Cardiac disease; right heart failure

Budd- Chiari, Portal vein thrombosis

Nephrotic syndrome, kwashiorkor, peritoneal carcinomatosis, peritoneal metastases, infection

37
Q

Signs and symptoms of ascites?

A

Abdominal distension
Abdominal discomfort or pain
Dyspnea
Reduced mobility
Anorexia and early satiety due to pressure on the stomach
Tense abdomen
Shifting dullness
Stigmata of the underlying cause (see below)

38
Q

Investigations to find cause of ascites?

A

Ascitic tap
Bloods; FBC, U+E, LFT, CRP
Imaging; CT abdomen, CXR
Serum ascites albumin gradient SAAG; serum albumin concentration - ascites albumin concentration

39
Q

Causes of high SAAG (>11g/ L)?

A

Cirrhosis
Heart failure
Budd Chiari syndrome
Constrictive pericarditis
Hepatic failure

40
Q

Causes of low SAAG (<11g L)?

A

Cancer of the peritoneum, metastatic disease
Tuberculosis, peritonitis and other infections
Pancreatitis
Hypoalbuminaemia - nephrotic syndrome, Kwashiokor

41
Q

Management of ascites?

A

High SAAG; salt and fluid restriction
Spironolactone
Therapeutic paracentesis
If ascitic tap shows neutrophils >250mm3 treat with IV piperacillin- tazobactam
Refractory ascites in portal hypertension consider TIPS

42
Q

What is autoimmune hepatitis?

A

Chronic inflammatory disease of liver as a result of immune attack to hepatic cells

43
Q

Epidemiology of autoimmune hepatitits?

A

More common in young middle aged women
Associated with other autoimmune conditions such as pernicious anaemia, ulcerative collitis, hashimotos/ graves, autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, primary sclerosing cholangitis

44
Q

Symptoms of acute hepatitis?

A

Acute hepatits; Fever, Jaundice, Malaise, Abdominal pain, Utricarial rash, Polyarthritis, Pulmonary infiltration, Glomerulonephritis

Chronic liver disease; ascites, jaundice, leuconychia, spider naevi

45
Q

Signs of autoimmune hepatits?

A

Fatigue
Anorexia
Hepatomegaly
Splenomegaly

46
Q

Differentials for autoimmune hepatitis?

A

Acute; Hepatitis A/ E/ B, paracetamol poisoning, ischaemia

Chronic; alcohol, NAFLD, hepatitis B/ C

47
Q

Investigations to diagnose autoimmune hepatitis?

A

Bloods; raised ALT, bilirubin, normal ALP

48
Q

Management of autoimmune hepatitis?

A

Prednisolone induction therapy
Maintenance therapy with azathioprine
Liver transplantation

49
Q

What is barrett’s oesophagus?

A

When any part of the distal squamous epithelium has undergone dysplasia and replaced with metaplastic columnar epithelium

50
Q

Epidemiology of Barrett’s oesophagus?

A

Most commonly affecting males over 50 with longstanding GORD
Higher risk in obese people

51
Q

Risk factors for Barrett’s oesophagus?

A

GORD- main risk factor
Obesity
Smoking
Hiatus hernia
Increasing age

52
Q

Signs and symptoms of Barrett’s oesophagus?

A

Pain in the upper abdomen and chest
Heartburn
Acid taste in the mouth
Bloating
Belching
Anaemia
Weight loss
Anoerxia
Melaena

53
Q
A

PassMed (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions