Gastro unit 1 questions. Flashcards
What organs are in the GI tract??
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus.
what is another name for the GI (gastrointestinal tract.)
Alimentary tract.
What are the major functions of the digestive system?
break down food into nutrients that the body can absorb and excrete waste products after the food has been digested.
what are the three regions of the pharynx
Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and the laryngopharynx
what are the four tissue layers of the alimentary canal organs from innermost to outmost?
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa.
what is the name of the sphincter between the esophagus and the beginning of the stomach
lower esophageal sphincter
what are the regions of the stomach (4)
fundus, cardia, body, plyorus
what is the name of the sphincter at the end of the stomach ?
the pyloric sphincter
what are the functions of the stomach
contract to break down food, produce enzymes to digest food, and store food for a temporary amount of time.
What do endocrine cells do
produce gastrin
what do chief cells do
produce protein digesting enzymes (pepsinogens)
what do parietal cells do
produce hydrochloric acid
what is the main job of the small intestine
to absorb nutrients and remove waste products from the digested food also it helps to make sure no harmful bacteria further goes through the body.
what are the small intestine sections in order
duodenum, jejunum, and ileum are the sections.
what substances enters the small intestine from the gallbladder
bile enters the small intestine from the gallbladder
what are the sections of the large intestine
the colon, rectum, and anal canal are the sections of the large intestine.
what are the functions of the large intestine
absorbing the excess water, electrolytes, and vitamins. Additionally, forms feces to be pushed towards the anus for excretions.
what are the accessory organs of the digestive system
salivary glands,, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
what is saliva made/composed of
99% water and 1% protein or salt
where is saliva secreated
in the oral cavity
what is the primary enzyme in saliva
amylase
what controls the secretion of saliva
autonomic nerves
where is the pancreas located in the abdominal cavity and what does it do ??
transversely in the upper abdomen duodenum on the right and the spleen on the left. Pancreas makes the enzymes that break down sugar for a persons gastrointestinal system.
what duct connects the liver to the gallbladder ?
right and left hepatic duct; going into the common hepatic duct.
what is stored in the gallbladder, and what is its function
bile; bile is used to breakdown the fats in the food we eat.
what are the monomers for carbohydrates, proteins and lipids
amino acids are the monomers for carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.
what are some factors that control digestion
diet, exercise, and disorders (ibs or celiac)
why is it necessary for stomach to be so acidic
to break down proteins and to kill any bacteria inside the food we eat.
what two common substances are absorbed into the stomach
alcohol and sugar are the two common substances that are absorbed in the stomach other than water.
what are two important vitamins that are produced in the large intestine
Vitamins K and B are the two important vitamins that are produced in the large intestine.
what are the roles of the liver
bile production and excretion, the excretion of hormones and drugs, storage of vitamins and mineral, synthesis of plasma proteins.
what are the most common signs and symptoms of gastrointestinal disorders in patients
anorexia (loss of appetite), nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, abdominal pain, GI bleeding.
what is the difference between nausea, vomiting, retching, and projectile vomiting.
nausea is a feeling that occurs that may or may not lead to vomiting
vomiting is when the contents of the stomach, duodenum, or jejunum are forcefully pushed out of the oral cavity
retching is when a person is dry heaving, essentially vomiting without the actual vomit.
what is constipation.. define
having difficulty pooping more than two times a week. or if a person feels like they are straining, not completely emptying their bowls or having pellet like stools.
define diarrhea
a signifiant increase in the total weight of stool passed in a single day.
infectious causes of diarrhea (3 of them)
viruses, bacteria, and parasites.
non-infectious causes of diarrhea (2 main)
the inability to digest certain foods and toxins
define abdominal pain
the pain in or around the abdominal cavity.
what is generalized abdominal pain and what can it tell you?
when half or more of abdomen hurts, it tells the clinician that the patient may have indigestion or a virus like the stomach flu causing the pain.
what is localized abdominal pain ? what does it tell you ?
when pain occurs in one section or specific area of the abdomen, it tells the clinician that something is wrong in a specific area.
define cramping and is it serious
involuntary muscle spasms, generally not serious.
what is parietal pain
pain in the parietal wall of the peritoneum; can be localized and very intense.
what is visceral pain
diffuse and vague pain, it results from a stimulus on a certain abdominal organ.
what is referred pain
pain felt away from the actual affected or diseased organ.
how can esophagitis make a person esophagus bleed ?
it can be a source of bleeding when a person has acid reflux and it damages the lower end of the esophagus.
how can varices cause bleeding in the throat??
its b/c the veins in the lower end of a person w varices throat are enlarged. When they rupture they bleed a LOT.
what is the most common cause of esophageal varices ??
cirrhosis of the liver is the most common cause of esophageal varices.
what is a maallory-weiss tear ??
a tear in the lining of the esophagus that is caused by straining. Examples include vomiting or increased abdominal pressure like coughing or hiccuping. Childbirth also can cause it.
how can a clinician diagnose a GI tract bleed ??
through a fecal occult blood test, x-ray (using barium), angiography (light up fluid in a blood vessel), and radionuclide scanning ( a non - invasive screening w/ radioactive material. )
how will a GI tract bleed be treated ?
a endoscope generally to start (the doctor will use this method to put chemicals on the bleeding site or cauterize it.), then an angiography or surgery may be the next step if endoscope doesn’t work. Medication will also be prescribed afterwards to prevent reoccurrence.
does the gastrointestinal tract produce blood cells?
NO
Salivary amylase initiates the digestion of:
carbohydrates
The digestive organs are “housed” in the _______ cavity.
ventral
Food moves down the esophagus via:
peristalsis
Food moves through the small intestines via:
segmentation
Which sphincter keeps stomach acid from regurgitating into the esophagus?
Cardioesophageal
The ______ cells of the gastric glands secrete hydrochloric acid.
parietal
is the cecum part of the small intestines
NO
Which part of the small intestine is most distal from the pylorus?
ileum
Which sphincter prevents reflux of digested material from the cecum back into the small intestine?
Ileocecal valve
Digested fats are primarily absorbed in:
small intestines
The vermiform appendix is attached to the:
cecum
The chief role of the pancreas in digestion is to:
secrete enzymes, which digest food, in the small intestine.
is The esophagus is anterior to the trachea.
No
does the pancreas produce an acidic fluid that is introduced with the pancreatic enzymes in order to neutralizes the alkaline chyme from the stomach.
NO
Among the structural features of the small intestine are villi, microvilli, and circular folds. Their function is to:
increase the surface area for absorption.
Salivary amylase, in the oral cavity, is secreted to begin the chemical digestion of:
Carbohydrates
The majority of the enzymes responsible for digestion are produced by the:
pancreas
