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Patho II 2023-2024 > Gastro unit 1 questions. > Flashcards

Gastro unit 1 questions. Flashcards

1
Q

What organs are in the GI tract??

A

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus.

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2
Q

what is another name for the GI (gastrointestinal tract.)

A

Alimentary tract.

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3
Q

What are the major functions of the digestive system?

A

break down food into nutrients that the body can absorb and excrete waste products after the food has been digested.

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4
Q

what are the three regions of the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and the laryngopharynx

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5
Q

what are the four tissue layers of the alimentary canal organs from innermost to outmost?

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa.

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6
Q

what is the name of the sphincter between the esophagus and the beginning of the stomach

A

lower esophageal sphincter

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7
Q

what are the regions of the stomach (4)

A

fundus, cardia, body, plyorus

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8
Q

what is the name of the sphincter at the end of the stomach ?

A

the pyloric sphincter

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9
Q

what are the functions of the stomach

A

contract to break down food, produce enzymes to digest food, and store food for a temporary amount of time.

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10
Q

What do endocrine cells do

A

produce gastrin

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11
Q

what do chief cells do

A

produce protein digesting enzymes (pepsinogens)

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12
Q

what do parietal cells do

A

produce hydrochloric acid

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13
Q

what is the main job of the small intestine

A

to absorb nutrients and remove waste products from the digested food also it helps to make sure no harmful bacteria further goes through the body.

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14
Q

what are the small intestine sections in order

A

duodenum, jejunum, and ileum are the sections.

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15
Q

what substances enters the small intestine from the gallbladder

A

bile enters the small intestine from the gallbladder

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16
Q

what are the sections of the large intestine

A

the colon, rectum, and anal canal are the sections of the large intestine.

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17
Q

what are the functions of the large intestine

A

absorbing the excess water, electrolytes, and vitamins. Additionally, forms feces to be pushed towards the anus for excretions.

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18
Q

what are the accessory organs of the digestive system

A

salivary glands,, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

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19
Q

what is saliva made/composed of

A

99% water and 1% protein or salt

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20
Q

where is saliva secreated

A

in the oral cavity

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21
Q

what is the primary enzyme in saliva

A

amylase

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22
Q

what controls the secretion of saliva

A

autonomic nerves

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23
Q

where is the pancreas located in the abdominal cavity and what does it do ??

A

transversely in the upper abdomen duodenum on the right and the spleen on the left. Pancreas makes the enzymes that break down sugar for a persons gastrointestinal system.

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24
Q

what duct connects the liver to the gallbladder ?

A

right and left hepatic duct; going into the common hepatic duct.

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25
Q

what is stored in the gallbladder, and what is its function

A

bile; bile is used to breakdown the fats in the food we eat.

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26
Q

what are the monomers for carbohydrates, proteins and lipids

A

amino acids are the monomers for carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.

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27
Q

what are some factors that control digestion

A

diet, exercise, and disorders (ibs or celiac)

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28
Q

why is it necessary for stomach to be so acidic

A

to break down proteins and to kill any bacteria inside the food we eat.

29
Q

what two common substances are absorbed into the stomach

A

alcohol and sugar are the two common substances that are absorbed in the stomach other than water.

30
Q

what are two important vitamins that are produced in the large intestine

A

Vitamins K and B are the two important vitamins that are produced in the large intestine.

31
Q

what are the roles of the liver

A

bile production and excretion, the excretion of hormones and drugs, storage of vitamins and mineral, synthesis of plasma proteins.

32
Q

what are the most common signs and symptoms of gastrointestinal disorders in patients

A

anorexia (loss of appetite), nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, abdominal pain, GI bleeding.

33
Q

what is the difference between nausea, vomiting, retching, and projectile vomiting.

A

nausea is a feeling that occurs that may or may not lead to vomiting

vomiting is when the contents of the stomach, duodenum, or jejunum are forcefully pushed out of the oral cavity

retching is when a person is dry heaving, essentially vomiting without the actual vomit.

34
Q

what is constipation.. define

A

having difficulty pooping more than two times a week. or if a person feels like they are straining, not completely emptying their bowls or having pellet like stools.

35
Q

define diarrhea

A

a signifiant increase in the total weight of stool passed in a single day.

36
Q

infectious causes of diarrhea (3 of them)

A

viruses, bacteria, and parasites.

37
Q

non-infectious causes of diarrhea (2 main)

A

the inability to digest certain foods and toxins

38
Q

define abdominal pain

A

the pain in or around the abdominal cavity.

39
Q

what is generalized abdominal pain and what can it tell you?

A

when half or more of abdomen hurts, it tells the clinician that the patient may have indigestion or a virus like the stomach flu causing the pain.

40
Q

what is localized abdominal pain ? what does it tell you ?

A

when pain occurs in one section or specific area of the abdomen, it tells the clinician that something is wrong in a specific area.

41
Q

define cramping and is it serious

A

involuntary muscle spasms, generally not serious.

42
Q

what is parietal pain

A

pain in the parietal wall of the peritoneum; can be localized and very intense.

43
Q

what is visceral pain

A

diffuse and vague pain, it results from a stimulus on a certain abdominal organ.

44
Q

what is referred pain

A

pain felt away from the actual affected or diseased organ.

45
Q

how can esophagitis make a person esophagus bleed ?

A

it can be a source of bleeding when a person has acid reflux and it damages the lower end of the esophagus.

46
Q

how can varices cause bleeding in the throat??

A

its b/c the veins in the lower end of a person w varices throat are enlarged. When they rupture they bleed a LOT.

47
Q

what is the most common cause of esophageal varices ??

A

cirrhosis of the liver is the most common cause of esophageal varices.

48
Q

what is a maallory-weiss tear ??

A

a tear in the lining of the esophagus that is caused by straining. Examples include vomiting or increased abdominal pressure like coughing or hiccuping. Childbirth also can cause it.

49
Q

how can a clinician diagnose a GI tract bleed ??

A

through a fecal occult blood test, x-ray (using barium), angiography (light up fluid in a blood vessel), and radionuclide scanning ( a non - invasive screening w/ radioactive material. )

50
Q

how will a GI tract bleed be treated ?

A

a endoscope generally to start (the doctor will use this method to put chemicals on the bleeding site or cauterize it.), then an angiography or surgery may be the next step if endoscope doesn’t work. Medication will also be prescribed afterwards to prevent reoccurrence.

51
Q

does the gastrointestinal tract produce blood cells?

A

NO

52
Q

Salivary amylase initiates the digestion of:

A

carbohydrates

53
Q

The digestive organs are “housed” in the _______ cavity.

A

ventral

54
Q

Food moves down the esophagus via:

A

peristalsis

55
Q

Food moves through the small intestines via:

A

segmentation

56
Q

Which sphincter keeps stomach acid from regurgitating into the esophagus?

A

Cardioesophageal

57
Q

The ______ cells of the gastric glands secrete hydrochloric acid.

A

parietal

58
Q

is the cecum part of the small intestines

A

NO

59
Q

Which part of the small intestine is most distal from the pylorus?

A

ileum

60
Q

Which sphincter prevents reflux of digested material from the cecum back into the small intestine?

A

Ileocecal valve

61
Q

Digested fats are primarily absorbed in:

A

small intestines

62
Q

The vermiform appendix is attached to the:

A

cecum

63
Q

The chief role of the pancreas in digestion is to:

A

secrete enzymes, which digest food, in the small intestine.

64
Q

is The esophagus is anterior to the trachea.

A

No

65
Q

does the pancreas produce an acidic fluid that is introduced with the pancreatic enzymes in order to neutralizes the alkaline chyme from the stomach.

A

NO

66
Q

Among the structural features of the small intestine are villi, microvilli, and circular folds. Their function is to:

A

increase the surface area for absorption.

67
Q

Salivary amylase, in the oral cavity, is secreted to begin the chemical digestion of:

A

Carbohydrates

68
Q

The majority of the enzymes responsible for digestion are produced by the:

A

pancreas

Patho II 2023-2024 (4 decks)

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