Gastro/nutrition

Question 1

liver cirrhosis

Answer 1

scarring (fibrosis) of the liver caused by long-term liver damage

Question 2

paracentesis

Answer 2

a procedure performed to obtain a small sample of or drain ascitic fluid for both diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. [1][2][3] A needle or catheter is inserted into the peritoneal cavity and ascitic fluid is removed for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.

Question 3

ascites

Answer 3

a condition in which fluid collects in spaces within your abdomen.

Question 4

ulcerative colitis

Answer 4

an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes inflammation and ulcers (sores) in your digestive tract. Clients with UC should maintain a high-calorie, high-protein diet; drink at least 2 liters of water per day; take multivitamins as prescribed; maintain a symptom journal in relation to daily dietary intake; and avoid triggers.

Question 5

acute pancreatitis

Answer 5

symptom management (eg, opioids, NPO status, nasogastric suction) and monitoring and prevention of complications (eg, IV fluids), giving the pancreas time to heal.

Question 6

small bowel obstruction

Answer 6

Common symptoms of small-bowel obstruction include rapid onset of nausea and vomiting, colicky intermittent abdominal pain, and abdominal distension. Absolute constipation and lack of flatus are usually seen with large-bowel obstruction. Initial treatment of an obstruction includes placing the client on NPO status, inserting a nasogastric tube, administering IV fluids, and instituting pain control measures.

Question 7

Mechanical obstruction

Answer 7

commonly caused by obstruction of the bowel resulting from surgical adhesions, hernias, intussusception, or tumors.

Question 8

non-mechanical obstruction

Answer 8

Paralytic ileus may occur after abdominal surgery or narcotic use.

Question 9

dietary fiber

Answer 9

increases stool bulk and makes stool softer and easier to pass. A fiber-rich diet helps prevent constipation; decreases risk of colorectal cancer; promotes weight loss; improves blood glucose control; and decreases serum cholesterol levels, which reduces the risk of coronary artery disease and stroke.

Question 10

Cholecystitis

Answer 10

a redness and swelling (inflammation) of the gallbladder. Cardinal symptoms of acute calculous cholecystitis include pain in the RUQ and referred pain to the right shoulder and scapula a few hours after eating fatty foods. Associated symptoms include fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, and anorexia.

Question 11

cholelithiasis

Answer 11

involves the presence of gallstones

Question 12

salem sump tube

Answer 12

Cardinal symptoms of acute calculous cholecystitis include pain in the RUQ and referred pain to the right shoulder and scapula a few hours after eating fatty foods. Associated symptoms include fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, and anorexia.

Question 13

alanine aminotransferase /aspartate aminotransferase (ALT/AST)

Answer 13

to check liver - they are release from liver damage - hepatitis

Question 14

colostomy irrigation

Answer 14

To properly irrigate the stoma, use 500-1000 mL of lukewarm water, hang the bag 18-24 inches above the stoma, use the cone-tipped irrigator to slowly infuse the solution, and allow stool to drain through the sleeve into the toilet.

Question 15

acute severe pancreatities complications

Answer 15

hyperglycemia, hypocalcemia, hypovolemia, and ARDS. Trousseau’s (carpal spasm) and Chvostek’s (facial twitching) signs are an indication of hypocalcemia from the decrease in threshold for contraction.

Question 16

serum albumin

Answer 16

plays an important role in maintaining intravascular oncotic pressure. Very low levels of albumin result in fluid leak from the vessels into the interstitial tissue and can lead to pitting edema of the lower extremities, periorbital edema, and ascites.

Question 17

dumping syndrome

Answer 17

complication of gastrectomy. To delay gastric emptying and reduce the risk of dumping syndrome, clients should consume meals low in carbohydrates and high in fiber, proteins, and fats; avoid fluids during meals; eat small, frequent meals; and lie down after eating.

Question 18

fasting

Answer 18

cause multiple health problems, including increased stress, slowing of the body’s metabolism, muscle damage, fluid loss, increased hunger, depletion of nutrients, and physical symptoms such as headache, dizziness, fatigue, and muscle weakness.

Question 19

new ileostomy diet

Answer 19

The low-residue diet of a client with a new ileostomy helps prevent obstruction of the narrow lumen of the stoma. During the immediate postoperative period, the client should avoid foods that are high in fiber; stringy vegetables; and fruits and vegetables with pits, seeds, or edible peels.

Question 20

SBFT

Answer 20

uses sequential x-ray images to visualize the structure and function of the small intestine. The client should fast for 8 hours prior to the examination. Stools may be chalky for up to 72 hours. Black, tarry stools indicate a potential gastrointestinal bleed and should be reported immediately.

Question 21

pruritus

Answer 21

Itchy skin. A client with cirrhosis may experience pruritus (itching) due to the buildup of bile salts beneath the skin. Comfort measures include encouraging the client to cut nails short and wear long-sleeved cotton shirts and cotton gloves. Baking soda baths, calamine lotion, and cool, wet cloths also help. Cholestyramine increases the excretion of bile salts through feces, thereby decreasing itching.

Question 22

pancreatitis

Answer 22

The client with acute pancreatitis has sudden, severe pain in the left upper quadrant or midepigastric area of the abdomen, often radiating to the back. Clients are at risk of developing hypovolemia (third spacing of fluids), acute respiratory distress syndrome (due to intense systemic inflammatory response), and hypocalcemia (necrosed fat binding calcium).

Question 23

barium enema

Answer 23

Preprocedure instructions include:

Take a cathartic (eg, magnesium citrate, polyethylene glycol) to empty stool from the colon.
Follow a clear liquid diet the day before the procedure to aid in bowel preparation and to prevent dehydration; avoid red and purple liquids.
Do not eat or drink anything 8 hours before the test (Option 2).
Expect to be placed in various positions during the procedure. You may experience abdominal cramping and an urge to defecate (Option 3).
Postprocedure instructions include:

Expect the passage of chalky, white stool until all barium contrast has been expelled (Option 1).
Take a laxative (eg, magnesium hydroxide [Milk of Magnesia]) to assist in expelling the barium. Retained barium can lead to fecal impaction (Option 4).
Drink plenty of fluids to promote hydration and eat a high-fiber diet to prevent constipation.

Question 24

dehisced

Answer 24

cut or wound) gape or burst open.

Question 25

evisceration

Answer 25

disembowel

Question 26

peptic ulcer

Answer 26

should avoid NSAIDs( aspirin, ibuprofen), smoking, and excess use of alcohol or caffeine.

Question 27

Refeeding syndrome

Answer 27

a potentially fatal complication of nutritional rehabilitation in chronically malnourished clients. Electrolytes, especially phosphorous, potassium, and magnesium, should be monitored frequently during the first few days of nutritional replenishment.