Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Rhi’s MSRA > Gastro > Flashcards

Gastro Flashcards

1
Q

Where do inguinal hernias occur?
Vs femoral hernias?

A

Inguinal = higher up, IN LINE WITH Inguinal ligament between anterior iliac spine and pubis

Femoral = BELOW inguinal ligament, LATERAL & INFERIOR to pubic tubercle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Out of femoral and inguinal hernias, which is more likely to strangulate?

A

Femoral hernia has much higher risk (only 50% patients aware of hernia before strangulation!)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Definition of peptic ulcer?

A

Break in mucosal lining of stomach or duodenum >5mm (smaller would be called erosions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Most common stomach cancer?

A

Adenocarcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is Troisier’s sign?

A

Enlarged left supraclavicar node (Virchow’s node)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is Courvoisier’s law?

A

In presence of palpable gallbladder, painless jaundice is unlikely to be caused by gallstones (more likely to be malignancy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is Claybrook sign?

A

Heart & breath sounds transmitted through abdo wall on auscultation - result of ruptured abdominal viscus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a Sister Mary Joseph nodule?

A

Rare nodule above umbilicus from abdominal/pelvic malignancy ie stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where are Cullen’s & Grey Turner’s signs found and what are they a sign of?

A

Cullen’s - periumbilical
Grey Turner’s - flank (‘turn over’ to see)

Sign of retroperitoneal haemorrhage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Blumberg’s sign?

A

Rebound tenderness - indicates peritonitis (ie appendicitis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Causes of pre-hepatic portal hypertension?

A

Things that block the portal vein before liver:
-congenital atresia/stenosis
-portal vein thrombosis
-splenic vein thrombosis
-extrinsic compression eg tumours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Causes of intrahepatic portal hypertension?

A

-Pre-sinusoidal - schistosomiasis, hepatic fibrosis, primary biliary cholangitis, sarcoidosis, hepatitis, toxins
-Sinusoidal - cirrhosis, alcoholic hepatitis, vit A intoxication, cytotoxic drugs
-post-sinusoidal - sinusoidal obstruction, veno-occlusive disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Posthepatic causes of portal hypertension?

A

At level of heart ie constructive pericarditis, or hepatic vein ie Budd-Chiari syndrome, or IVC ie stenosis/thrombosis/tumour invasion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Most common cause of portal hypertension in western world? Vs African continent?

A

-Liver cirrhosis

-Africa = schistosomiasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Prominent abdominal wall veins - difference between caput-medusae and IVC obstruction

A

Caput-Medusae - blood flow away from umbilicus (run away from the snake!)
IVC obstruction - blood flow towards umbilicus - may hear a ‘hum’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Drugs that cause pancreatitis?

A

Steroids
HIV drugs - pentamidine
Diuretics - furosemide
Chemotherapeutic agents
Oestrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

3 different scores for severity of pancreatitis?

A

Glasgow
Ranson
APACHE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Woman with hx gallstones, severe RUQ pain after eating takeaway pizza. Apyrexial, not jaundiced. Likely Dx?

A

Biliary colic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Difference between small and large bowel on xray ?

A

Small bowel - more central, complete concentric rings of mucosal folds - valvulae conniventes
Colon - more peripheral, haustral folds (extend partially across lumen)

20
Q

Man with 2 month hx of dyspepsia. Soft abdomen on examination. Most appropriate INITIAL investigation?

A

Breath test for H pylori!

21
Q

SBO causes?

A

Most commonly - Adhesions. Also malignancy, hernias

22
Q

Difference in symptoms between small and large bowel obstruction?

A

Vomiting - SBO
Abdo distension - more distal

23
Q

Red cracked lips, angular cheilitis, bloodshot itchy eyes - which vitamin deficiency?

A

Vitamin B2

24
Q

Gallstones LFT changes?

A

Cholestatic picture:
Raised bilirubin, ALP and GGT

25
Q

Cause of isolated raised ALP

A

ALP is released from bone, liver and placenta
-pregnancy
-Paget’s disease
-Growth spurts (adolescents)
-Drugs ie nitrofurantoin, erythromycin

26
Q

What is Gilbert’s syndrome?
What is on bloods?

A

Common, benign, hereditary disorder -decreased activity of UDP-glucuronyl transferase, causing increase in unconjugated bilirubin
-normal LFTs other than raised bilirubin

27
Q

Older lady with 2/7 hx bright red rectal bleeding. Before this had 1/52 constipation and L lower abdo pain. Most likely Dx?

A

Diverticular disease

28
Q

Most common cause of lower GI bleeding in adults requiring hospital admission?

A

Diverticular disease

29
Q

Commonest cause of abnormal LFTs & chronic liver disease in the UK?

A

NAFLD

30
Q

In alcoholic hepatitis, which is characteristic finding on LFTs?

A

AST is significantly raised (>2 x ALT)

31
Q

Most common, and other causes of travellers diarrhoea ?

A

Bacteria:
Most common - E Coli
Others - Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella, Shigella

Viruses:
rotavirus, norovirus

32
Q

Commonest cause of gastroenteritis in England/Wales?

A

Norovirus

33
Q

How is Haemachromatosis inherited?

A

Autosomal recessive

34
Q

Charcot’s triad - what 3 symptoms?
Suggestive of what condition?

A

-RUQ pain
-fever
-jaundice

Acute cholangitis

35
Q

Complications of acute cholangitis?

A

Septic shock and multi organ dysfunction
(Therefore acute cholangitis is considered an emergency)

36
Q

Antibodies in autoimmune hepatitis?

A

Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs)
Smooth muscle autoantibodies (SMA)

37
Q

Symptoms of haemachromatosis?

A

Arthralgias - most commonly small joints of hands
Hepatomegaly
Diabetes Mellitis
Hypogonadism (impotence/loss of libido)
Skin pigmentation

38
Q

Jalan’s diagnostic criteria for toxic megacolon say the colon has to be how big (diameter)?

A

Over 6cm

39
Q

40 y/o with fatigue, pruritis, steatorrhoea, dry eyes and mouth. RUQ pain. Enlarged liver and spleen, jaundice.
-condition?
-antibody test?

A

-PRIMARY BILIARY CIRRHOSIS
-antimitochondrial antibodies

40
Q

Grades of rectal haemorrhoids and how to differentiate?

A

1 - do not prolapse out of anal canal
2 - prolapse on defecation, reduce spontaneously
3 - require manual reduction
4 - cannot be reduced

41
Q

Management for reflux?

A
  1. Simple antacids ie alginates and lifestyle advice
  2. PPI for 1 month then review
  3. 13C breath test (? h pylori)
42
Q

Triple therapy for H pylori eradication?

A

-PPI
-CLARITHROMYCIN
-AMOXICILLIN or METRONIDAZOLE (use whichever one hasn’t been used to treat other infections in this patient!)

43
Q

Carcinoid tumour causes which vitamin deficiency?

A

Niacin (vitamin B3)

44
Q

What type of tumour is the most common neuroendrocrine tumour?

A

Carcinoid tumour

45
Q

Where do neuroendocrine tumours occur?

A

2/3 in GI tract
Most commonly small intestine
Also stomach, appendix, rectum
And lungs!

46
Q

Treatment for salmonella?

A

Ciprofloxacin

Rhi’s MSRA (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions