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Y11 Chem 2025 > Gases and Stoichiometry > Flashcards

Gases and Stoichiometry Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the general strategy for solving stoichiometric problems

A
  1. Write the balanced equation (if needed).
  2. Find the moles of ‘known’.
  3. Use the molar ratio to find the moles of ‘unknown’.
  4. Answer the question
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2
Q

Equation to find moles given mass and molar mass

A

n = m/Mr

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3
Q

Equation to find moles given concentration and volume of a solution

A

n = CV

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4
Q

Equation to find moles given volume of gas (molar volume = 24.8L/mol)

A

n = V/24.8

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5
Q

Equation to find mass given moles and molar mass

A

m = n x Mr

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6
Q

Equation to find concentration given moles and volume of solution

A

C = n/V

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7
Q

Equation to find volume of a gas given moles (molar volume = 24.8 L/mol)

A

V = n x Vm

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8
Q

Equation to find volume of solution given moles and concentration

A

V = n/C

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9
Q

Equation to find molar mass given moles and mass

A

Mr = m/n

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10
Q

How to find moles of unknown given moles of known

A

n(known) x (coefficient unknown)/(coefficient known)

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11
Q

Ideal gas equation, rearranged to find P

A

P = nRT/V

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12
Q

Ideal gas equation, rearranged to find V

A

V = nRT/P

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13
Q

Ideal gas equation, rearranged to find n

A

n = PV/RT

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14
Q

Ideal gas equation, rearranged to find T

A

T = PV/nR

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15
Q

Mathematical formula to describe Boyle’s Law

A

P1V1 = P2V2 (or PV = k)

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16
Q

Mathematical formula to describe Charles’ Law

A

V = kT (or V1/T1 = V2/T2) where T is in Kelvin

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17
Q

What are the standard laboratory conditions?

A

25 degrees Celsius (298K) and 100 kPa pressure.

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18
Q

Definition of ‘fuel’

A

A substance that releases a usable amount of energy when combusted

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19
Q

Definition of ‘greenhouse gas’

A

A gaseous molecule which contains polar bonds which absorb and then re-emit infra-red radiation, therefore contributing to the greenhouse effect

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20
Q

General word equation when completely combusting a hydrocarbon, alcohol or ester fuel

A

Fuel + Oxygen –> Carbon dioxide + Water

21
Q

Definition of ‘acid’ (according to Bronsted-Lowry theory)

A

A proton (H+) donor

22
Q

Definition of ‘base’ (according to Bronsted-Lowry theory)

A

A proton (H+) acceptor

23
Q

Definition of alkali

A

A soluble base, that dissolves or reacts with water to produce hydroxide ions (OH-)

24
Q

Name given to a substance that can react as either an acid or a base

A

Amphoteric (or amphiprotic)

25
Q

When is an acid-base reaction also a neutralisation reaction?

A

When it produces water as a product

26
Q

Definition of acid-base reaction (Bronsted-Lowry theory)

A

Transfer of a proton (H+) from an acid to a base

27
Q

General word equation for the reaction between an acid and a metal oxide or hydroxide base

A

Base + Acid –> Water + Salt

28
Q

General word equation for the reaction between an acid and a carbonate base

A

Carbonate + Acid –> Water + Carbon dioxide + Salt

29
Q

General word equation for the reaction between water and an acid

A

Water + Acid –> Hydronium + Anion

30
Q

General word equation for the reaction between water and a molecular alkali

A

Water + Alkali –> Hydroxide + Cation

31
Q

General word equation for the reaction between a metal and oxygen

A

Metal + Oxygen –> Metal Oxide

32
Q

General word equation for the reaction between a metal and an acid

A

Metal + Acid –> Salt + Hydrogen

33
Q

General word equation for the reaction between a metal and liquid water

A

Metal + Water –> Metal hydroxide + Hydrogen

34
Q

General word equation for the reaction between a metal and steam

A

Metal + Steam –> Metal oxide + Hydrogen

35
Q

Word equation for the reaction between Iron (III) oxide and Aluminium powder, and the reaction type

A

Iron (III) oxide + Aluminium –> Iron + Aluminium Oxide
This is a displacement reaction.

36
Q

In gravimetric analysis, what is meant by ‘dry to constant mass’?

A

Repeated cycles of drying and weighing until at least two identical mass measurements are achieved. This ensures that no water remains in the precipitate

37
Q

In gravimetric analysis, would slight solubility of the precipitate cause an overestimation or underestimation of the analyte concentration?

A

Underestimation, because the measured precipitate mass would be lower than the true value.

38
Q

In gravimetric analysis, would loss of material (eg spashing, inefficient rinsing etc) cause an overestimation or underestimation of the analyte concentration?

A

Underestimation, because the measured precipitate mass would be lower than the true value.

39
Q

In gravimetric analysis, would impurities in the precipitate (eg soluble ions or water) cause an overestimation or underestimation of the analyte concentration?

A

Overestimation, because the measured precipitate mass would be higher than the true value.

40
Q

What is meant by ‘precise’ measurements?

A

When repeated measurements of the same quantity give values that are in close agreement with each other.

41
Q

What is meant by ‘accurate’ measurements?

A

Measurements that are close to the true value of that quantity

42
Q

What is meant if an experiment is described as ‘valid’?

A

The experiment correctly investigates what it aims or claims to investigate; there is a logical connection between the results and the research question

43
Q

If experimental results are consistently lower than the true value, is this likely to be a result of systematic error or random error?

A

Systematic error

44
Q

How can systematic errors be managed?

A

Calibrating equipment (eg balances, pH meters, primary standard substances) so that all measurements reflect the true value being measured.

45
Q

How can random errors be managed?

A

Increasing the resolution of measuring apparatus, reducing the impact of subjective judgements, and controlling variables effectively.

46
Q

For the purposes of significant figures, are leading zeroes (eg in 0.0025) considered significant?

A

No - 0.0025 has two significant figures.

47
Q

For the purposes of significant figures, are trailing zeroes (eg in 6.2500) considered significant?

A

Yes - 6.2500 has five significant figures.

48
Q

How many significant figures are there in a whole number (in chemistry)?

A

The same number of significant figures as there are digits in the number.

Y11 Chem 2025 (14 decks)

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