Gaseous Exchange in Mammals Flashcards
The process
of exchanging one gas for another
is called _________________.
gaseous exchange
oxygen is
used up in cells and carbon dioxide
is given out
cellular respiration
have a very high total surface
area to volume ratio (TSA/V ratio)
small organisms
TSA/V ratio is too low for efficient
gaseous exchange
large organisms
two common respiratory organs found in invertebrates
gills
trachea
consists of system of tubes called
tracheae (singular, trachea) and
tracheoles which transport air
from spiracles (small holes the
open up to the outside) to and
from cells.
Trachea
are highly folded outgrowths that
contain blood vessels and
covered with a thin epithelial
layer. Dissolved oxygen is
extracted form water and carbon
dioxide is released when the
water flows in the opposite
direction of the blood flow in the
gill capillaries.
gills
The respiratory system in mammals has a ______ system consisting of nasal passage, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles.
tubular
require a large amount of oxygen to be transported speedily from the respiratory surface to the cells of the body.
multicellular animals
How many molecules of hemoglobin is present in every red blood cell?
250 million
comprises a porphyrin ring with an iron atom attached in the center
hem group
Each hemoglobin molecule can carry ____ oxygen molecules to form a complex molecule called _________.
four, oxyhemoglobin
these are sac-like and provide a very large surface area for efficient gaseous exchange
alveoli
_____________ is responsible for transport of oxygen.
hem group
the vehicle of transport of respiratory gases is the red respiratory pigment _____________ found in red blood cells.
hemoglobin (Hb)
True or False
The solubility of oxygen in water or plasma is very low.
True
it is a quarternary protein molecule made up of four subunits
hemoglobin
Each subunit is a conjugated protein made up of a globular unit called ______ attached to a prosthetic group called the __________.
globin, hem group
facilitates oxygen transport as it causes the hemoglobin to bind to oxygen in the lungs but release it in the tissues.
The Bohr Effect
gives the characteristic red color to the flesh of animals such as birds.
myoglobin
is a conjugated protein consisting of a globin protein and a hem group.
myoglobin
three different ways of transporting carbon dioxide from blood to lungs
by conversion to hydrogen carbonate ions in the red blood cells
by binding to hemoglobin
by dissolving in the plasma
four subunits of hemoglobin
2 a-chain
2 b-chain
gaseous exchange takes place in the ______.
lungs
what system(s) regulates the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body?
respiratory system
circulatory system
when the level of oxygen in blood is low and that of carbon dioxide is high, the following happens except;
a. air displacement rate increases
b. cardiac frequency increases
c. the diameter of arterioles decreases
c. the diameter of arterioles decreases
the diameter of arterioles increases to ensure more oxygenated blood is supplied to the tissues that require a large oxygen supply.
prevents tissue metabolism, weakens the senses and may hamper the normal functions of the brain
anoxia (lack of oxygen)
What forms when 10% of CO2 combines in a reversible reaction with amino group of hemoglobin?
carbaminohemoglobin
About ___% of the CO2 produced during cell respiration diffuses into red blood cell.
85% - diffuses into red blood cell
10% - forms carbaminohemoglobin
5% dissolved as a physical solution in the plasma as well as become carbonic acid
term for constriction of arterioles
vasoconstriction
two centers of the brain that regulates breathing
respiratory center
circulatory center
The respiratory center consists of groups of neurons organized into two parts, the _____________ and the ___________.
inspiratory center, expiratory center
gills: crustacean and mollusks while trachea: _________ and ________.
insects, spiders
due to proton-oxygen coupling
The Bohr effect
