Gaseous exchange and transport systems

Question 1

Respiratory surface of insect

Answer 1

spiracles(openings along S of body), branch into tracheaue (connects int envir. to external enviro and allows exchange of gases)

Question 2

Respiratory surface of fish

Answer 2

gills made of gill fillaments(increase SA). Water passed through mouth ontop of gilll filaments. Blood flows in opp direction in gills to ensure maximum gas exchange

Question 3

Respiratory surface of Frog

Answer 3

exchanges gaes by lungs or

skin (cutaneous respiration, skin must be moist)

Question 4

Mammals

Answer 4

exchange gases by lungs (consist of subdividing branches that end in alveoli, point where gas exchange occurs)

Question 5

Why do mulitcellular organisms need transport systems?

Answer 5

They grow large so longer distance for Oxygen and nutrients to move where needed. So, they need extensive and efficient transport systems

Question 6

Xylem

Answer 6

transports water and other minerals
moves in upward direction
hollow dead tubes
made of lignin
very strong (suppors plant)
needs no cellular energy

Question 7

Phloem

Answer 7

transports sugars (mainly sucrose)
made of living cells
cambiam cells give energy to tube cells. Their end walls ahve pores for food t be transported from cell to cell (in form of dissolved sugars)

Question 8

Stomata

Answer 8

tiny pores on leaf surface made by 2 guard cells
allows carbon dioxide to moive in and oxygen ot move out
water vapour passes out from leaf to atmosphere through stomata

Question 9

Lenticells

Answer 9

pores found of S of stems, roots and branches

takes in oxygen from air

Question 10

Root hair cells

Answer 10

give large SA for absorption of water and minerals

Question 11

Does wind increase amount of water moving through plant?

Answer 11

Yes as well as temp, low humidity.

They don’t have nervous system to do this

Question 12

Why do some animals need more efficient circ systems?

Answer 12

Because they are large / more active

Question 13

How does an OPEN Circulatory system work?

Answer 13

Hemolymph leaves heart in short branched arteries that open into large spaces
Hemolymph bathes cells, then return to heart directly or through short veins

Question 14

What are the advantages of an OPEN Circulatory system?

Answer 14

Direct exchange of materials between Hemolymph and cells

No diffusion barrier

Question 15

What are the disadvantages of an OPEN Circulatory system?

Answer 15

little control over Hemolymph to body regions

no mechanism to increase/decrease flow to specific part of an organ

Question 16

What are consequences of an OPEN Circulatory system?

Answer 16

found in smaller/ inactive animals
most molluscs have them (excpet cephalopods-squid, octopus)

Insects have adapted to its limitations by tracheal system for Oxygen supply

Question 17

How does a CLOSED Circulatory system work?

Answer 17

Blood in completely closed system, vessels form closed loop, blood usually moved by some for of pumping (heart)

Vessels branch into smaller tubes that pentrate tissue cells
All vertebrates have them, incl worm (which is slower, smaller but has one)

Question 18

What are the advantages of a closed circulatory system?

Answer 18

Has control over where blood goes in dif regions
The muscular walls of vessels constrict and dilate to vary flow through certain vessels.
High blood pressure, circulation can be vigorous.

Question 19

What is mitsosis?

Answer 19

The division of nucelus resulting in new body cells. daughter cells identical to parent

Question 20

What are daughter cells made for?

Answer 20

Growth and repair

Question 21

What is cytokinesis?

Answer 21

Division of cytoplasm and organelles it contains

Question 22

Where does mitosis occur in plants?

Answer 22

meristems: buds, cambium, pericycle(at tips of roots & stems)

Question 23

Where does mitosis occur in animals?

Answer 23

special tissues:basal layer of skin, bone marrow, cells lining digestive tract, bone & liver cells

Question 24

Where does mitosis occur in insects?

Answer 24

in epidermal cells during metamorphis

Question 25

Where does mitosis occur in trees?

Answer 25

In roots and shoot tips and cambium

Question 26

How does a tree grow?

Answer 26

IN 2 stages! In height

& in girth FOREVER (cambium under bark)

Question 27

What different organelles contain DNA?

Answer 27

The nucleus, and Mitochondria, chloroplasts need it for many proteins & enzymes needed for their function

Question 28

Why do chloroplasts and mitochondria have DNA?

Answer 28

Before they were autotrophic( bacteria like unicellular orgs absorbed into organisms

Question 29

What is the theory for why chlorplasts and mitochondria have DNA?

Answer 29

The endosymbiotic theory

Question 30

Why do they use radioisotopes?

Answer 30

Help understand organ processes in orgs