Gas Exchange and Respiration Flashcards
What happens to the intercostal muscles during inhalation and exhalation?
Inhalation: Contracts
Exhalation: Relaxes
What happens to the ribs during inhalation and exhalation?
Inhalation: moves up and out
Exhalation: moves down and in
What happens to the pressure in the thorax during inhalation and exhalation?
Inhalation: Decreases
Exhalation: Increases
What happens to the diaphragm during inhalation and exhalation?
Inhalation: Contracts and flattens
Exhalation: Relaxes
What happens to the volume in the thorax during inhalation and exhalation?
Inhalation: Increases
Exhalation: Decreases
Which contains more Oxygen: Inhaled or Exhaled air?
Inhaled air
Which contains more Carbon Dioxide: Inhaled or Exhaled air?
Exhaled air
Which is warmer: Inhaled or Exhaled air?
Exhaled air
Which is moister: Inhaled or Exhaled air?
Inhaled air
What are the parts of the Ventilation system
Nose, Mouth, Larynx, Trachea, Thorax (Bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, ribs, intercostal muscles, heart, pleural membrane, diaphragm)
What is the thorax?
The main chest cavity.
What is the equation for aerobic respiration?
glucose+oxygen=carbon dioxide+water (+ENERGY)
C6H1206+6O2=6CO2+6H2O (+ENERGY)
Does the air in the alveoli and the direction of blood flow go the same way or opposite ways?
Opposite
What is the structure of the Alveoli?
The air sac has one cell thick walls, and capillaries surrounding it, which allows for easy gas exchange.
What are four properties the lungs have for gas exchange?
- Many Alveoli
- Thin Walls
- Moist
- Blood continually flows through capillaries
How do many alveoli help increase the rate of gas exchange?
Larger Surface Area
How does moisture help increase the rate of gas exchange?
Gases Dissolve
What gas diffuses from capillaries to alveoli?
Carbon Dioxide
How does blood continually flowing through the lungs help increase the rate of gas exchange?
Concentration gradient is always maintained
How do thin walls help increase the rate of gas exchange?
Short Diffusion Distance
What gas diffuses from alveoli to capillaries?
Oxygen
What gas diffuses from the body’s cells to the capillaries?
Carbon Dioxide
What gas diffuses from capillaries to the body’s cells?
Oxygen
What cells/structures helps keep your airways clear?
Mucous + Ciliated Cells
Why should your airways be kept clear?
The dust and dirt could get trapped and interfere with your breathing ability.
How are your airways kept clear?
The mucous traps inhaled dust/dirt and other microbes, and the cilia waft it towards the back of the throat, where it gets swallowed and killed by the stomach acid.
How does nicotine affect your body?
Nicotine in cigarette smoke is an addictive drug that can increase blood pressure, and is bad for your organs.
How does smoking affect your body?
- Contains nicotine
- Can cause Bronchitis
- Can cause emphysema
- Can cause cancer
- Contains carbon monoxide
How does cigarette smoke cause bronchitis?
The cilia stop beating, and mucous starts to build up. This increases the risk of lung infections and airway blockage.
How does cigarette smoke cause emphysema?
Smoke damages the alveoli, causing a loss of elasticity and reduction in surface area, so less oxygen can diffuse into the blood.
How does cigarette smoke cause cancer?
Smoke contains carcinogenic chemicals, so cells divide uncontrollably, forming a tumour.
How does carbon monoxide affect your body?
Carbon monoxide binds to the haemoglobin in your blood, limiting its ability to carry oxygen to the cells.
In what form do all living things require energy?
The ATP molecule.
What is energy required for (in humans)?
- MRSGRENH
- Active Transport
- Protein Synthesis
- Cell divison
Where does aerobic respiration occur?
Mitochondria
Why does heart and breathing rate increase during exercise?
Your muscles require more energy, so your blood pumps faster to deliver more oxygen and glucose to them.
Why does heart and breathing rate remain high after exercise?
After a while of exercising, the energy from aerobic respiration is not enough, so anaerobic respiration is used to create more energy. Your blood also pumps faster to remove CO2 and deliver oxygen to lactic acid to help break it down.
What is aerobic respiration?
The release of energy from glucose, using oxygen.
What is anaerobic respiration?
The release of energy from glucose without oxygen.
What is the equation for anaerobic respiration in mammals?
glucose –> lactic acid (+ENERGY)
What is the equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast?
glucose –> carbon dioxide + ethanol (+ENERGY)
Where does anaerobic respiration take place?
Cytoplasm
What happens to the products of anaerobic respiration after exercise has finished?
- Lactic acid is harmful and causes cramps
- Carried from muscle cells to the liver in the blood
- Lactic acid is broken down using oxygen into carbon dioxide and water
- This oxygen requirement is called Oxygen Debt (EPOC)
- Therefore breathing rate stays high
EPOC
Excess Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption
Does EPOC only occur if anaerobic respiration has happened?
No
What is quicker: Aerobic or anaerobic respiration?
Anaerobic respiration
What provides more energy: Aerobic or anaerobic respiration?
Aerobic respiration
What is a fermenter?
A large vat where conditions are kept at an optimum so that microbes reproduce rapidly and produce as much product as possible
What are parts of a fermenter?
- Steam inlet
- Food inlet
- Microbe inlet
- Air inlet
- Air filter
- Motor
- Stirrer paddle
- Acid/Alkali inlet
- Steam outlet
- Exhaust outlet
- Cold water pump + control
- Water jacket
- Temperature recorder
- Harvest line
Making bread
- Use baker’s yeast
- Glucose is nutrition for the microbe
- Produces CO2 and ethanol
- Helps make bread because the CO2 causes the dough to rise
Making yoghurt
- Use lactobacillus
- Lactose is nutrition for microbe
- Produces lactic acid
- Helps make yoghurt because lactic acid makes milk separate into solid (yoghurt) and liquid.
What does the water jacket do in a fermenter?
Cools down the fermenter when the respiring microbes overheat it.
What do the stirrer paddles do in a fermenter?
Stirs the mixture to keep the microbes in contact with the broth and to help keep the temperature constant.
What does the steam inlet do in a fermenter?
Allows the fermenter to be sterilised
What do the air inlet and filter do in a fermenter?
Allows air in for respiration and cleans the air to prevent contamination.
What does the microbe inlet do in a fermenter?
Allows the microbes to enter the fermenter.
What does the motor do in a fermenter?
Provides power to the stirring paddles.
What does the temperature probe do in a fermenter?
Measures the temperature to ensure it is kept at an optimum.
What does the acid/alkali inlet do in a fermenter?
Allows optimum pH to be maintained.
What does the harvest line do in a fermenter?
Allows useful product to be removed
How do plants get energy?
- Plants take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen and water during the day by photosynthesis
- They also respire 24 hours a day
- So, at night, the take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide
Describe the structure of the leaf
At the bottom, there is the lower epidermis, with a few guard cells in between. The gap between the guard cells is called the stomata. Next, there is a thick spongey layer with veins in it. Above that, there are the palisade cells, the upper epidermis and the waxy cuticle.
What is the function of the waxy cuticle in a leaf?
The thin waxy layer prevents water loss.
What is the function of the epidermis in a leaf?
Has few chloroplasts, covered in the waxy cuticle, and the lower epidermis has stomatas.
What is the function of the vein in a leaf?
Vessel compromising xylem and phloem to transport water, minerals and sugar.
What is the function of the stomata in a leaf?
Pore to let gases in and out of the leaf.
What is the function of the spongey cells in a leaf?
Cells with many air spaces to allow gases to diffuse through the leaf.
What is the function of the palisade cells in a leaf?
Long cells that contain many chloroplasts. It is the main site of photosynthesis.
What are some adaptations of leaves to help diffusion?
- Thin leaf
- Broad leaf
- Stomata
- Spongey layer
Why does a thin leaf make diffusion easier?
Short diffusion distance
Why does a broad leaf make diffusion easier?
Large surface area
Why does the stomata make diffusion easier?
Lets CO2 into the leaf, and O2 + H2O out
Why does the spongey layer make diffusion easier?
Air spaces inside the leaf allow CO2 and O2 to move easily between all cells
What does net gas exchange in plants depend on?
Light intensity
As light intensity increases, the rate of photosynthesis…
Increases
Describe the net gas exchange in plants
At night, there is no light so no photosynthesis can occur. Therefore, oxygen is taken in for aerobic respiration. As the sun rises, light intensity increases, and so does the rate of photosynthesis. Eventually, rate of photosynthesis is higher than the rate of respiration so oxygen is given out.
In the day, is the rate of respiration in plants higher, lower, or the same as at night?
The same
What is hydrogen carbonate indicator used for?
Monitoring carbon dioxide levels in respiration and photosynthesis experiments.
When there is high CO2 concentration, what colour is the hydrogen carbonate indicator, and is there low, high or neutral pH?
yellow, and low pH
When there is atmospheric CO2 concentration, what colour is the hydrogen carbonate indicator, and is there low, high or neutral pH?
orange, and neutral pH
When there is low CO2 concentration, what colour is the hydrogen carbonate indicator, and is there low, high or neutral pH?
purple, and high pH
When hydrogen carbonate indicator becomes yellow, how much CO2 is there, and what is the pH?
high CO2, low pH
When hydrogen carbonate indicator becomes purple, how much CO2 is there, and what is the pH?
low CO2, high pH
When hydrogen carbonate indicator stays orange, how much CO2 is there, and what is the pH?
atmospheric CO2, neutral pH
If there is a snail, a piece of pond weed and hydrogen carbonate indicator in a test tube with no light access, what colour would it become?
Yellow, because both the snail and pond weed are respiring, releasing CO2.
If there is a snail, a piece of pond weed and hydrogen carbonate indicator in a test tube, what colour would it become?
It would stay orange because the snail is respiring, releasing CO2, but the pond weed is photosynthesising, and using the CO2.
If there is a piece of pond weed and hydrogen carbonate indicator in a test tube, what colour would it become?
It would become purple, because the pond weed is photosynthesising and taking in CO2.
If there is a snail and hydrogen carbonate indicator in a test tube, what colour would it become?
It would become yellow because the snail is respiring and releasing CO2.
If you put dead peas in a vaccum flask, what happens to the temperature inside it?
No change in temperature because dead peas don’t respire.
If you put live peas in a vaccum flask, what happens to the temperature inside it?
The temperature will increase because they produce heat while respiring.
Why do you put dead peas in a vaccum flask in the experiment?
Because no heat will be lost to the environment because there is a vaccum. (reliable temperature change)
How do you observe aerobic respiration?
Put soda lime in a test tube and an organism on a gauze inside too, but above the soda lime. Close the test tube and put a syringe through the cork and a small tube with a ruler and some coloured liquid inside. When the organism respires, oxygen is used and CO2 is produced, but absorbed by the soda lime. You can measure the distance the liquid moved. This represents the loss of oxygen. Then you can refill the tube with the syringe.
What does soda lime do?
Absorbs carbon dioxide
How do you work out the volume of oxygen used in the coloured liquid and soda lime experiment?
πr²h
r is the diameter of the tube
h is the distance moved by the coloured liquid
How do you observe anaerobic respiration?
Add yeast and glucose solution to a conical flask. The CO2 produced will rise into the measuring cylinder. The volume of gas collected will represent the production of CO2.
