Cells Flashcards
What are all living things made of?
Cells.
MRSGRENH
Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion, Nutrition, Homeostasis.
What do animal cells consist of?
Cell Membrane, Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Mitochondria, Ribosomes.
What do plant cells consist of?
Cell Wall, Cell Membrane, Nucleus, Vacuole, Cytoplasm, Chloroplasts (Chlorophyll), Mitochondria, Ribosomes.
What is the function of the Nucleus?
It contains the cell’s DNA and controls the cell’s characteristics.
What is the function of the Cytoplasm?
Where all the chemical reactions take place.
What is the function of the Cell Membrane?
Controls what enters and exits the cell.
What is the function of the Cell Wall?
Gives the cell its shape and supports the cell.
What is the function of the Vacuole?
Contains cell sap (stores water and minerals)
What is the function of the Chloroplasts?
Contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis.
What is the function of the Mitochondria?
Where aerobic respiration takes place.
What is the function of the Ribosomes?
Where protein synthesis takes place.
Respiration equation
Glucose + Oxygen –> Carbon Dioxide + Water (+ENERGY)
C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O (+ENERGY)
Photosynthesis equation
Carbon Dioxide + Water –> Glucose + Oxygen(+ENERGY)
6CO2 + 6H2O –> C6H12O6 + 6O2 (+ENERGY)
What are Kingdoms?
All living things are classified into one of five Kingdoms.
What are Kingdoms based on?
These groups are based on the similarities between the living things.
What is a Eukaryote?
An organism with a nucleus
What is a Prokaryote?
An organism without a Nucleus
What are features of Animals?
- Multicellular
- Have a nervous system
- No cell wall (can change shape)
- Store sugars as glycogen
- No chloroplasts
- EUKARYOTE
What are features of Plants?
- Multicellular
- Cell wall made of Cellulose
- Store sugars as starch
- Contain chloroplasts (chlorophyll) for photosynthesis
- EUKARYOTE
What are features of Fungi?
- Multicellular or Unicellular
- Cell wall made of Chitin
- Store sugars as glycogen
- No chloroplasts
- Feed saprotrophically
- Made of hyphae (in a mycelium)
- Reproduce using spores
- EUKARYOTE
What are features of Bacteria?
- Unicellular
- No nucleus, DNA is a single chromosome
- Smaller than cells in other kingdoms
- Contain plasmids (extra DNA)
- Cell wall not made of cellulose (peptidoglycan)
- Sometimes have a flagellum
- Sometimes feed by photosynthesis but never contain chloroplasts
- PROKARYOTE
What are features of Protoctists?
- Multicellular or Unicellular
- Don’t fit in other kingdoms
- Those similar to animals are called protozoa
- Those similar to plants are called algae
- Some have chloroplasts, others don’t
- EUKARYOTE
What is an example of a Fungi?
- Yeast
- Mucor
- Mushroom
What is an example of a Bacteria?
- Pneumococcus
- Lactobacillus
- E.coli
- Micrococcus
What is an example of a Protoctist?
- Amoeba
- Plasmodium
What is an example of a Virus?
- Tobacco Mosaic Virus (plants)
- Influenza (humans)
What does a Fungi consist of?
Nucleus, Cell Wall, Vacuole, Cytoplasm, Cell Membrane.
What is a Microorganism?
An organism that is too small to be seen without a microscope.
What are the three types of Microorganisms?
Fungi, Bacteria and Viruses.
What does a Virus consist of?
DNA/RNA, Protein Coat, Envelope made from Host Cell (sometimes).
What does Bacteria consist of?
Cell Wall, Cell Membrane, Cytoplasm, DNA (one chromosome), Plasmid, Flagellum (sometimes).
What are the features of a Virus?
- Particles, not cells
- Neither prokaryote nor eukaryote
- All have a protein coat and one type of nucleic acid (DNA/RNA)
- Parasites because they can only respire inside other cells
- Cannot perform MRSGRENH (except respire)
- No organelles
- May have a envelope from their host cell
What is an Organelle?
A part of a cell with a specific job (eg. mitochondria).
What is a Cell?
The simplest unit of life that can be specialised to perform different tasks (eg. neurone).
What is a Tissue?
A group of cells with a similar function (eg. skin).
What are the three types of tissue?
Epithelial, Glandular, Muscular.
What is an Organ?
A group of different tissues working together for a common purpose (eg. heart).
What is an Organ System?
A group of different organs working together (eg. the digestive system).
What is an Organism?
A living thing. This can be multicellular or unicellular (eg. human)
What is a root hair cell specialised for and what are it’s special features?
To absorb water
Long and thin - large surface area.
What is a neurone specialised for and what are it’s special features?
To carry electrical messages
Long, insulated, has branches.
What is a red blood cell specialised for and what are it’s special features?
To carry oxygen
No nucleus, contains haemoglobin, biconcave shape.
What is a ciliated cell cell specialised for and what are it’s special features?
To waft things along (eg. mucus)
Hair-like projections (cilia) on top surface.
What does Saprotrophic Feeding mean?
When an organism digests their food externally.
