Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO202 > Gas Exchange > Flashcards

Gas Exchange Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between conformers and regulators?

A

Conformers internal environment varies with the external environment while regulators maintain internal stability even as external conditions change.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are ectotherms?

A

Animals that do not have internal control of their body temperature.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is an endotherm?

A

An animal that maintains a constant body temperature in the face of environmental changes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the properties of oxygen in aquatic environmnet?

A

Lower diffusion rate and solubility and less available oxygen in a give volume of fluid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is Frick’s first law?

A

A solute will move from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration across the concentration gradient.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is Frick’s second law?

A

The amount of substance that diffuses across a surface is proportional to the area of that surface and inversely proportional to the distance across which it diffuses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is ventilation?

A

It is the active movement of respiratory medium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is perfusion?

A

The flow of blood in the pulmonary capillaries which ensures gas delivery within the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

Use of O2 to make energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the problem with a small SA: V (large animals)?

A

They must improve oxygen uptake so they need specialized structure such as gills or lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are marine turbellarian worms?

A

They are among the largest aquatic animals that rely primarily on diffusion for gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is unidirectional flow?

A

Medium enters at one point and exits via another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is countercurrent flow?

A

Blood and water flow in opposite directions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What would happen with oxygen if blood and water are flowing in the same direction?

A

If the flow was concurrent, the diffusion gradient is not as efficient or disappears, which means no oxygen flow.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does climbing perch breathe on land?

A

They have an accessory air-breathing organ that allows them to survive out of water for several days in moist conditions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe spiracular breathing.

A

Tracheal system opens to air via spiracles which lead into the trachea internally to contact hemolymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe the unidirectional flow in spiracular breathing.

A

From spiracles to abdomen and then out through different set of spiracles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the functions of spiracles?

A

Control air flow into trachea, control water loss and keeps dust out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why can insects increase the rate of gas exchange?

A

Their tips of tracheoles are filled with fluid and in active tissues, fluid is replaced by air (via osmosis to tissues).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What flow is the ventilation in birds?

A

Unidirectional flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How many cycles of inhalation and exhalation for each breath of air do birds do?

A

Two complete cycles of inhalation and exhalation for each breath of air.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the ventilatory surface of birds?

A

Lungs (parabronchi)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are parabronchi?

A

Any of very many small air passages (air capillaries) in the lungs of birds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Why do birds have cross-current exchange?

A

Because their capillaries are perpendicular to parabronchi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is tidal flow?

A

Medium enters and exits a chamber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

State Dalton’s law about total pressure.

A

Total pressure is the sum of all the partial pressures of gaseous mixture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are Boyle’s laws?

A
  • Gases move from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure
  • The pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to the volume of its container
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is Henry’s law?

A

The partial pressure of oxygen or carbon dioxide is directly proportional to the concentration of these gases in blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the three types of pressure pulmonary ventilation depending on?

A

Atmospheric, intra-alveolar, and intrapleural

30
Q

What is intra-alveolar pressure?

A

Also known as intrapulmonary pressure; this is the pressure of the air within alveoli, which changes during different phases of breathing

31
Q

What is intrapleural pressure?

A

The pressure of air within the pleural cavity, between the visceral and parietal pleurae.

32
Q

What is the relationship between intrapleural pressure to intra-alveolar pressure?

A

Intrapleural pressure is always lower than, or negative to, the intra-alveolar pressure (and therefore, also to atmospheric pressure.

33
Q

What is the purpose of intrapleural pressure?

A

It ensures that the lungs stay closely connected to thoracic wall and follow its movements during a breath cycle.

34
Q

What happens during inhalation?

A

Diaphragm contracts, lung volume increases causing pressure to be more negative and allowing air to flow in

35
Q

What happens during exhalation?

A

Diaphragm and rib muscles relax, lung volume decreases and pressure is less negative allowing air to flow out.

36
Q

What is the function of red blood cells?

A

They carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues

37
Q

True or false? Red blood cell is not flexible and cannot pass through extremely small blood vessels.

A

False.

38
Q

Describe the red blood cells.

A

It is covered with a membrane composed of lipids and proteins, lacks a nucleus, and contains hemoglobin

39
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A

A red, iron-rich protein that binds oxygen

40
Q

What are respiratory pigments?

A

They are metalloproteins which circulate in body fluids and undergo reversible chemical combinations with oxygen

41
Q

What are the two examples of respiratory pigments?

A

Hemoglobin and hemocyanin

42
Q

What is it called when O2 binds with hemoglobin?

A

Oxyhemoglobin

43
Q

What is it called when O2 binds with hemoglobin?

A

Carbaminohemoglobin

44
Q

How do oxyhemoglobin and carbaminohemoglobin in colour?

A

Oxyhemoglobin: bright-red coloured
Carbaminohemoglobin: burgundy coloured

45
Q

How many heme units is each Hb molecule?

A

Each Hb molecule is 4 heme units

46
Q

What does each heme has in its center?

A

Iron

47
Q

How many oxygen molecules can each hemoglobin hold? Explain.

A

4 oxygen molecules since each HB molecule has 4 heme units with iron in the center and oxygen molecules reversibly with iron.

48
Q

What is external respiration?

A

It is the exchange of gases from external environment to the circulatory media which occurs across the respiratory surfaces.

49
Q

What is the partial pressure of oxygen in alveoli and in blood?

A

Alveoli: 104 mm Hg
Blood: 40 mm Hg

50
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

The gas exchange that occurs at the level of body tissues

51
Q

What does the oxygen dissociation curve show?

A

It shows how the hemoglobin saturation with oxygen is related to the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood.

52
Q

True or false? The O2 capacity of blood decreases with the amount of hemoglobin in the blood.

A

False, it increases.

53
Q

What is the sigmoid shape in oxygen-dissociation curve due to?

A

To the subunit cooperativity

54
Q

What is subunit cooperativity?

A

The oxygenation of the first heme group facilitates the oxygenation of the others.

55
Q

What happens as Hb molecule is oxygenated?

A

It undergoes conformational changes from a tense (T) state to relaxed (R) state

56
Q

What does it mean pO2 is 0 in O2 dissociation curve?

A

No O2 bound to respiratory pigment hemoglobin (Hb)

57
Q

What happens as pO2 increases in O2 dissociation curve?

A

More O2 bound to respiratory pigment Hb until all Hb are fully bound to O2

58
Q

What is p50?

A

The O2 partial pressure at which 50% oxygen saturation is attained

59
Q

What does a shift to the right mean?

A

The O2 partial pressure needed to saturate is higher, p50 is higher and O2 affinity is lower.

60
Q

What is Bohr effect?

A

It is a decrease in the amount of O2 bound to Hb in response to a lowered blood pH resulting from an increase in CO2

61
Q

When does a decrease in pH happen?

A

When there is an increase in H+

62
Q

When does an increase in H+ happen?

A

When CO2 reduces O2 affinity of Hb

63
Q

What affects hemoglobin-oxygen affinity?

A

By changes in partial pressure of oxygen, temperature, partial pressure of carbon dioxide, pH, and organophosphates.

64
Q

What causes the shift to the left and right in an oxygen dissociation curve?

A

Shift to the left: Decreased temperature, and decreased partial pressure of carbon dioxide
Shift to the right: Increased temperature and increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide

65
Q

What happens to CO2 when it is transported from tissue to blood?

A

10% dissolved in plasma, 30% binds to hemoglobin, and 60% converted to HCO3

66
Q

True or false? Carbon dioxide is more soluble in fluid than oxygen

A

True

67
Q

What part of hemoglobin does CO2 bind to?

A

Not to the heme group, but with the protein part to form carbaminohemoglobin.

68
Q

True or false? The sum of all forms of CO2 in the blood is not the total CO2 in the blood.

A

False. The sum of all forms of CO2 in the blood is the total CO2 content of the blood.

69
Q

What is the simplest type of circulatory system?

A

Open circulatory system

70
Q

What happens in circulatory fluid in an open circulatory system?

A

It does not flow in vessels but rather it bathes each of the body cells in body cavity.

71
Q

Is open circulatory system more or less efficient at distributing nutrients?

A

Tend to be less efficient at distributing nutrients but require less energy to maintain

BIO202 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions