gas exchange

Question 1

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
توكلنا علي الحي الذي لا يموت سبحانه وتعالي توكلنا علي الذي لم يكن له ولي من الذل تعالي علوا كبيرا

ليه تركيز الاكسجين في الحويصلات أقل؟

Answer 1

بسبب تشبعه الهواء ببخار الماء ياخذ ضغط 47 ملليميتر زئبق
بسبب ان 350 مللي بس بيضاف علي 2200 مللي هواء قديم بيخف التركيزات
لانه الاكسجين يظل في انتقال دائم للانسجة

Question 2

Respiratory Membrane

Answer 2

It is formed of : 
1. Fluid lining alveoli 
2. Alveolar Epithelia 
3. Epithelial basement 
membrane 
4. Interstitial space 
5. Capillary basement 
membrane 
6. Capillary endothelium

Question 3

diffusion capacity decrease in ?

Answer 3

Conditons :
increasing thickness
decreasing surface area
V/P Mismatch

Question 4

shift of oxygen -HB dissociation curve to right ?

Answer 4

تقل الارتباطية بين الاكسجين والهيموجلوبين

ppat

pco2 inc
acidity inc
temp inc
2,3 DPG Inc

تقليل الارتباطية !

Question 5

shift of oxygen -HB dissociation curve to LEFT ?

Answer 5

زيادة الارتباطية

PPAT
Pco2 dec
acidity dec
temp dec
2,3 DPG dec

Question 6

during exercise the shift of oxygen -HB dissociation curve to ? WHY? ?

Answer 6

sshift of oxygen -HB dissociation curve to right

EXERCISE= WORK = HEAT = ACIDITY LACTIC = = =

pco2 inc
acidity inc
temp inc
2,3 DPG Inc

Question 7

p50

Answer 7

the po2 at wich 50 of HB is saturated

27 mmHg ——-normally

كلما قل زادت الارتباطية انتقال المنحني لليسار

كلما زاد قلت الارتباطية علاقة عكسيى انتقال المنحني لليمين

Question 8

bohr effect

Answer 8

the effect of pco2 and acidity on the o2 hb sateuration

lungs : it decreases shifting the cureve to left csausing increased aggiinty
tissue L increases shifting to right decreasing affininty

Question 9

co2 and h+ combine HB allosterically makine conformaitonal changes making ?

Answer 9

the

less affininty of o2 to the HB

Question 10

2,3 DPG

Answer 10

ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS
Revericbly with HB B polypeptide chian decreasing affininty of O2
Increased during exercise and anemia and hight altitides
and hormones like thyroid , growth ,androgens
\
dECERSED IN ACIDOSIS REDUCED GLYCOLYSIS
AND STORED BLOOD

Question 11

co AND HB?

Answer 11

CO has more affinity to HB than O2 240 times 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Competeing the o2 with the sam site 
left shift of the remaing currve
زيادة الارتباطية

يتدخل
في ارتباط الاكسجين بالهيموجلوبين في الرئة
يحدد اطلاق الاكسجين عند الانسجة عشان الانتقال اليساري اللي عمله

Question 12

Fetal HB and curve ?

Answer 12

a2 Y2 no beta

2,3 DPG cannot bind HB

Left shift and increased assoscaition

Question 13

myoglobin is o2 store ?

Answer 13

Because of high association

as it release o2 at low o2 tension

Question 14

Tidal Co2

Answer 14

tha amount of co2 added from tissue to the arterial blood 100 ml to be changed into Venous blood

Question 15

Cholrid shift phenomenon

Answer 15

Eflux of HCO3 from rbc and influx of CL- instead

Question 16

Haldane effect

Answer 16

The effect of O2 on the HB binding to Co2 and H+

Releasing O2 casue increased Reduced HB increasing binifing to CO2 AND H+ AND UPTAKE OF CO2 AND H+ AT TISSUE LEVEL

Question 17

Bohr and Haladne effect are synchronus ?

Answer 17

Increased PO2 and H+ casue left to right and less association of O2
Releasing O2 casuing increased Reduced Hb and Increased Assocation and binding
of Co2 to HB forming carbon monxyHb this leading increased co2 wash

Question 18

Explain hypoxic hypoxia ?

Answer 18

Due to decreased Po2 in the arterial blood

due to

inadequate ventilation
due to hight altitude low o2 in the air inspired

pulmonary diseases:
increasing thickness of alvolar capillary membrane or
decreasing its surface area ..

V/P mismatch
emphysema decrease V/P ratio casuing reudced po2

Veno-arterial shunt

Question 19

Anemic hypoxia

ع

Answer 19

ضغط الاكسجين عادي بس قدرة الهيموجلوبين علي حمل الاكسجين قلت

بسبب

• انيميا
• مشاكل هيموجلوبين
• تسمم اول اكسيد الكربون

Question 20

Stagnant hypoxia

Answer 20

the o2 tension is normal but the flow is reduced due to

general: circulatory shock or congestive heart failure
localized: spam or block local

Question 21

Histotoxic hypoxia

Answer 21

due to inhibiton of the celluar oxidative enzyme like in cyanide toxicity that prevents the use of the Cytochrome oxidase enzyme

Berberi vitamin B deficiency interfering in the steps of utilization of oxygen and comrpmose formation of CO2

Question 22

MANIFESTATIONS OF HYPOXIA ?

Answer 22

Headace Fatigubility drowisness

Tachy cardia Tachypnea

Loss of appetite Nausea Vomiting

Question 23

sustained O2 therapy in infant with RDS

Answer 23

-Bronchopulmonary dysplasia lung cyst
-retinopathy
retrolental fibroplasia

Question 24

hyperbaric O2 ?

Answer 24

100% O2 AT HIGH PRESSURE
Tracehobronchia irritation
muscle twictching
dizziness convulsions coma

Question 25

Cyanosis and casues?

Answer 25

it is bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membran in case tthere is 5g reduced Hb in the arterial or capillary blood 100 ml of them
________________________________

Polycythemia : high Altitude less o2 in inspiration high Reduced Hb

Hypoxic Hypoxia Less po2 increased Reucedd Hb

stagnant hypoxia reuced slow flow give time to the tissue to take more O2 and increaesd Reduced Hb

Exposure to moderate cold casuing Vc of the cutanuous blood vessels and slow flow as above :)
Asphyxia

Question 26

Cyanosis cannot appear in ?

Answer 26

ACHV
Anemic hypxoia as Hb is reduced impssibole to implemnt 5 gram Redeced Hb
Carbon monoxide poisoning because the Cherry red of Carboxy Hb cover the Bluish of Reduced
Histotoxic Hypoxia : as tissue cannout use the O2
Very cold Weather casuing increased assocation of O2 to the Hb