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N220 > Gas Exchange > Flashcards

Gas Exchange Flashcards

1
Q

Define gas exchange.

A

Process by which O2 is transported into cells & CO2 is transported away from cells.

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2
Q

Which 3 body systems must work together in gas exchange?

A
  1. Neuro
  2. Respiratory
  3. Cardiovascular
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3
Q

Which 3 structures are part of the upper respiratory tract?

A

Nasal cavity.
Pharynx.
Larynx.

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4
Q

What are the 2 categories of factors that affect gas exchange?

A

Physiological factors.

Conditions affecting chest wall movement.

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5
Q

List 4 physiological factors that can affect gas exchange.

A
  1. Decreased O2 carrying capacity.
  2. Decreased inspired O2 concentration.
  3. Hypovolemia.
  4. Increased metabolic rate.
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6
Q

List 6 conditions that affect chest wall movement.

A
  1. Pregnancy.
  2. Obesity.
  3. Musculoskeletal abnormalities.
  4. Trauma.
  5. Neuromuscular diseases.
  6. CNS alterations.
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7
Q

What is anoxia?

A

Where no O2 is reaching tissue.

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8
Q

What are 2 signs & symptoms of chronic bronchitis?

A

Hypersecretion of mucous.

Productive cough.

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9
Q

What criteria do we use to diagnose chronic bronchitis?

A

Signs/symptoms persist for 3 consecutive months during the same year for at least 2 consecutive years.

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10
Q

What is emphysema?

A

Permanent damage to the alveolar walls, causing abnormal excess dilation of the alveoli & loss of elastic recoil of fibres.

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11
Q

What is atelectasis?

A

Collapse of the alveoli.

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12
Q

What is pulmonary embolism?

A

Where a blood clot becomes stuck in the small vessels of the lungs.

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13
Q

In order to prevent pulmonary embolisms, we should prioritize the prophylaxis of _____ in high risk patients.

A

DVT.

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14
Q

Asthma may be caused by (3):

A
  1. Airway obstruction.
  2. Bronchial hyperreactivity.
  3. Inflammation.
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15
Q

What are 4 outcomes of pneumonia?

A
  1. Bronchial edema.
  2. Mucous secretions.
  3. Damage to bronchial mucosa & alveolar-capillary membrane.
  4. Alveolar filling with exudate & microbial debris.
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16
Q

What are signs & symptoms of pneumonia in older adults? What wouldn’t be a sign/symptom?

A 
Confusion.
Weakness.
Decreased appetite.
Increased heart/respiratory rate.
NO FEVER.
17
Q

Define hyperventilation.

A

Breathing more than needed to eliminate CO2.

18
Q

Defne hypoventilation.

A

Inadequate alveolar ventilation to meet body’s O2 demand/eliminate sufficient CO2.

19
Q

In central cyanosis, we can see a change in colour in the ________.
In peripheral cyanosis, we can see a change in colour in the __________.

A

Central: mucous membranes (ex: conjunctiva).
Peripheral: nail beds.

20
Q

What is a pleural effusion?

A

Excess fluid (usually water) accumulation in pleural cavity.

21
Q

What is a pneumothorax?

A

Air in the pleural cavity > collapsed lung.

22
Q

List 3 possible causes of pleural effusion.

A

Congestive heart failure.
Pulmonary edema.
Lung cancer.

23
Q

What is a pyothorax?

A

Pus in the pleural cavity.

24
Q

Why might gas exchange be impaired in pregnant people?

A

Increased abdominal size = decreased space for lung expansion > impaired ventilation/oxygenation.

25
Q

What are 4 reasons why older persons are mostly affected by altered gas exchange?

A
  1. Weakening of respiratory muscles = slow inspiration/expiration.
  2. Decreased lung capacity.
  3. Increased risk for respiratory infections d/t immunosenescence.
  4. Decreased ciliary action > aspiration pneumonia.
26
Q

What are 6 lifestyle risk factors for impaired gas exchange?

A
  1. Poor nutrition.
  2. Inadequate exercise.
  3. Smoking.
  4. Substance abuse.
  5. Stress.
  6. Environmental factors.
27
Q

What does PQRSTU stand for in assessment?

A 
Proactive: identify the cause.
Quality of breathing.
Region: assess thoracic region.
Severity of symptoms.
Timing & treatment.
Understanding: client's.
28
Q

Stridor is associated with:

A

Children with URTIs.

29
Q

Crackles are associated with:

A

Fluid in the lungs.

30
Q

Rhonchi are associated with:

A

COPD & airway obstruction.

31
Q

Wheezing is associated with:

A

Asthma.

32
Q

Pleural friction rubs are associated with:

A

Infection.

33
Q

What are 5 diagnostic tests that can be used to assess impaired gas exchange?

A
  1. Sputum specimen.
  2. Arterial blood gasses (ABGs).
  3. X-rays/CT scans/MRIs (if masses/cancer suspected).
  4. Pulse oximetry.
  5. Pulmonary function tests (PFTs).

N220 (14 decks)

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