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Physio Test 2 > Garman- CV4: Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Garman- CV4: Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three “tunics” present in both arteries and veins?

A

Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica adventitia

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2
Q

What composes tunica intima

A

Endothelia

Internal elastic lamina

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3
Q

What composes tunica media?

A

Smooth muscle
Elastic fibers, reticular fibers
External elastic lamina

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4
Q

What composes tunica adventitia?

A 
Collagen I, elastic fibers
Vasa vasorum (blood vessels for the artery/vein itself)
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5
Q

What can arteries/veins three tunics be corresponded to?

A

Roughly corresponds to heart’s endocardium (intima) myocardium (media) and epicardium (adventitia)

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6
Q

Artery has a ____ media and relatively ____ lumen

A

Thicker; narrow

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7
Q

Vein has _____ lumen and its _____ is the thickest layer

A

Larger; adventitia

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8
Q

The intima of the vein is folded to form what?

A

Valves

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9
Q

Capillaries have only an _____ with no other tunics.

A

Endothelium

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10
Q

What is characteristic of elastic arteries?

A

Tunica media contains mostly elastic fibers.

Tunica intima consists of internal elastic layer (therefore more compliant with higher pressures)

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11
Q

What is characteristic of muscular artery

A

Tunia media consists mainly of smooth muscle. (What creates resistance in small arteries/arterioles)

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12
Q

Do small arteries have a vasa vasorum?

A

No

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13
Q

Large vein has which layers?

A

Tunica externa, tunica media, tunica intima

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14
Q

Elastic artery has which layers?

A

Tunica externa, tunica media (mainly elastic containing), tunica intima

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15
Q

Medium sized veins have which layers?

A

Tunica externa, tunica media, tunica intima

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16
Q

Muscular artery has which layers?

A

Tunica externa, tunica media (mainly muscle containing), tunica intima

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17
Q

Venule has which layers?

A

Tunica externa, endothelium

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18
Q

Arteriole has which layers?

A

Tunia media (smooth muscle), basal lamina, endothelium,

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19
Q

A fenestrated capillary has what 3 components

A

Endothelial cells
Pores
Basal lamina

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20
Q

A continuous capillary has which components?

A

Endothelial cells, basal lamina

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21
Q

What comprises microvasculature?

A

Arterioles, capillaries, venules

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22
Q

The internal elastic lamina of small arteries is normally ___ at rest

A

Relaxed.

Can be scalloped in appearance

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23
Q

What is lymph?

A

Interstitial fluid that is not drained into venules

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24
Q

How big are terminal arterioles?

A

One smooth muscle cell thick

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25
What are fenestrated capillaries?
These capillaries have tight junctions but have perforations (fenetrastions) through endothelial cells. This allows greater exchange across endothelium. Basement membrane is same as in continuous capillaries
26
What are continuous capillaries?
Most common type of capillary structure. Have tight, occluding junctions to produce minimal fluid leakage
27
How do continuous capillaries exchange molecules?
Most be exchanged across endothlium via diffusion or transcytosis
28
Where are fenestrated capillaries found?
Endocrine organs, intestinal walls, choroid plexus
29
What are sinusoids?
Discontinuous capillaries. They have a wider diameter than other types and have discontinuities between endothelial cells. Have large fenestrations through the cells and partial, discontinuous basement membrane.
30
Where are sinusoids found?
Found in organs where exchange of macromolecules and cells occurs readily between tissue and blood (i.e. bone marrow, liver, spleen)
31
2 facts about continuous capillaries?
- Continuous membrane around lumen | - Most common form
32
2 facts about fenestrated capillaries?
- Presence of fenestrae | - Rapid exchange (i.e. kidney, intestines)
33
2 facts about sinusoidal capillaries?
- Wider lumen, discontinuous endothelial layer | - Present in liver, bone marrow, spleen
34
What are critical regulators of local blood flow?
Smooth muscle cells of arterioles | Precapillary sphincters
35
How do precapillary sphincters work?
Smooth muscle on sphincters clamps down capillary beds, allowing blood to be shunted elsewhere, without going through capillary bed. Instead blood goes where blood is more needed.
36
What do starling forces result in at the capillary bed?
Net filtration at arteriolar end of capillaries and net reabsorption at the venular end
37
What happens to excess interstitial fluid at capillary bed?
Returned to circulation via lymphatic system
38
What allows fluid and large molecules to be absorbed from interstitial fluid?
Flaps (valves) of lymphatic endothelial cells
39
Where do the lymphatics drain back into circulation?
Via thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct
40
What is hydrostatic pressure in veins affected by when standing?
Gravity
41
What is important in maintaining pressure and CO upon standing?
Baroreceptor reflex
42
Veins above zero point (at RA) ______ at a point determined by actual CVP
Collapse
43
What is venous return augmented by?
Contraction of muscle during movement and exercise
44
What is the adventitia like in large elastic arteries?
Thick-well developed
45
What is adventitia like in medium muscular artery?
Thin
46
How is arteriole intima different than elastic artery and muscular artery?
No internal elastic lamina
47
What is tunica media like in arteriole?
Thin layer of muscle-little or no elastic- no external elastic lamina
48
What is adventitia like in arteriole?
Very thin or absent
49
What do capillaries consist of?
Endothelium only
50
What do venules consist of?
Endothelium and fibrous tissue
51
Total cross sectional area of circulation is ______ in aorta and ______ in capillaries.
Lowest; highest
52
Flow=?
VxA
53
What is the velocity in aorta?
30 cm/sec
54
Velocity in capillaries?
0.1 cm/sec
55
What is poiseuille's law?
n x L x 8/ pi r ^4= R is POISEUILLE'S pi (p1-p2) r ^4/ 8 x n x L= FLOW
56
Where does the greatest resistance to flow occur?
Small arteries and arterioles
57
What are vasodilators released by the endothelium?
Nitric oxide and prostacyclin
58
What causes vasodilators to be released by endothelium?
``` Shear stress Histamine Acetylcholine Bradykinin Purinergics (ATP) ```
59
How does shear stress cause vasodilation?
Increase in blood floow through BV is sensed by endothelial cells. The shearing of the increased blood flow causes endothelial cell to release nitric oxide, causing powerful vasodilation.
60
Vasopressin and angiotensin II are vascular _____
constrictors
61
What is endothelin?
Potent, endothelium-derived vasoconstrictor important in some pathophys states.
62
ANP is a _____
Smooth muscle dilator
63
What do endothelial cell surfaces contain to convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II?
ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme)
64
What are the 4 secretory functions of endothelial cells?
Endothelial-derived vasodilators (NO, Prostacyclin [PGI2[) Endothelial-derived vasoconstrictors: (endothelin) Anti-aggregatory for PLT Anti-mitogenic for vascular smooth muscle
65
What are metabolic functions of endothelial cells?
Processing of vasoactive factors Production of angiotensin II and breakdown of bradykinin by ACE
66
What role do endothelial cells play in plasticity?
Angiogenesis (new vessel growth) in response to injury and ischemia
67
How do we find total resistance for resistors in a series?
Sum of total resistors R1+R2+R3
68
How do we find resistance for resistors in parralel?
Inverse of 1/R1+ 1/R2 etc...
69
In laminar flow, lamina nearest wall i s_______
Stationary
70
In laminar flow, velocity is _____ toward center
Higher
71
In laminar flow, is there much mixing between layers of flow?
No
72
How is turbulent flow different from laminar flow?
Flow is disorganized, mixing occurs between layers Turbulent flow may lead to vascular disease
73
How do we find reynold's number?
Re= pDv/n ``` (p)= density (D)= diameter (v)= mean velocity (n)= viscosity ```
74
What happens when reynold's number is <2000
Fluid moves in streamlines parallel to axis of tube (Laminar flow occurs)
75
What happens when reynold's number is >2000
- Turbulent flow - Elements of fluid move irregularly in axial, radial, circumferential directions - Vortices frequently develop - Turublence reduces the flow associated with a pressure gradient - Regions of turbulence are prone to vascular disease
76
Turbulence ______ the flow associated with pressure gradient.
reduces
77
How do we find tension?
T=Pr ``` T= tension P= transmural pressure r= radius ```

Physio Test 2 (10 decks)

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