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Physio Test 2 > Garman- CV4: Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Garman- CV4: Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three “tunics” present in both arteries and veins?

A

Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica adventitia

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2
Q

What composes tunica intima

A

Endothelia

Internal elastic lamina

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3
Q

What composes tunica media?

A

Smooth muscle
Elastic fibers, reticular fibers
External elastic lamina

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4
Q

What composes tunica adventitia?

A 
Collagen I, elastic fibers
Vasa vasorum (blood vessels for the artery/vein itself)
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5
Q

What can arteries/veins three tunics be corresponded to?

A

Roughly corresponds to heart’s endocardium (intima) myocardium (media) and epicardium (adventitia)

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6
Q

Artery has a ____ media and relatively ____ lumen

A

Thicker; narrow

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7
Q

Vein has _____ lumen and its _____ is the thickest layer

A

Larger; adventitia

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8
Q

The intima of the vein is folded to form what?

A

Valves

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9
Q

Capillaries have only an _____ with no other tunics.

A

Endothelium

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10
Q

What is characteristic of elastic arteries?

A

Tunica media contains mostly elastic fibers.

Tunica intima consists of internal elastic layer (therefore more compliant with higher pressures)

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11
Q

What is characteristic of muscular artery

A

Tunia media consists mainly of smooth muscle. (What creates resistance in small arteries/arterioles)

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12
Q

Do small arteries have a vasa vasorum?

A

No

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13
Q

Large vein has which layers?

A

Tunica externa, tunica media, tunica intima

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14
Q

Elastic artery has which layers?

A

Tunica externa, tunica media (mainly elastic containing), tunica intima

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15
Q

Medium sized veins have which layers?

A

Tunica externa, tunica media, tunica intima

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16
Q

Muscular artery has which layers?

A

Tunica externa, tunica media (mainly muscle containing), tunica intima

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17
Q

Venule has which layers?

A

Tunica externa, endothelium

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18
Q

Arteriole has which layers?

A

Tunia media (smooth muscle), basal lamina, endothelium,

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19
Q

A fenestrated capillary has what 3 components

A

Endothelial cells
Pores
Basal lamina

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20
Q

A continuous capillary has which components?

A

Endothelial cells, basal lamina

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21
Q

What comprises microvasculature?

A

Arterioles, capillaries, venules

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22
Q

The internal elastic lamina of small arteries is normally ___ at rest

A

Relaxed.

Can be scalloped in appearance

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23
Q

What is lymph?

A

Interstitial fluid that is not drained into venules

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24
Q

How big are terminal arterioles?

A

One smooth muscle cell thick

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25
Q

What are fenestrated capillaries?

A

These capillaries have tight junctions but have perforations (fenetrastions) through endothelial cells. This allows greater exchange across endothelium.

Basement membrane is same as in continuous capillaries

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26
Q

What are continuous capillaries?

A

Most common type of capillary structure.

Have tight, occluding junctions to produce minimal fluid leakage

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27
Q

How do continuous capillaries exchange molecules?

A

Most be exchanged across endothlium via diffusion or transcytosis

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28
Q

Where are fenestrated capillaries found?

A

Endocrine organs, intestinal walls, choroid plexus

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29
Q

What are sinusoids?

A

Discontinuous capillaries. They have a wider diameter than other types and have discontinuities between endothelial cells.

Have large fenestrations through the cells and partial, discontinuous basement membrane.

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30
Q

Where are sinusoids found?

A

Found in organs where exchange of macromolecules and cells occurs readily between tissue and blood (i.e. bone marrow, liver, spleen)

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31
Q

2 facts about continuous capillaries?

A
  • Continuous membrane around lumen

- Most common form

32
Q

2 facts about fenestrated capillaries?

A
  • Presence of fenestrae

- Rapid exchange (i.e. kidney, intestines)

33
Q

2 facts about sinusoidal capillaries?

A
  • Wider lumen, discontinuous endothelial layer

- Present in liver, bone marrow, spleen

34
Q

What are critical regulators of local blood flow?

A

Smooth muscle cells of arterioles

Precapillary sphincters

35
Q

How do precapillary sphincters work?

A

Smooth muscle on sphincters clamps down capillary beds, allowing blood to be shunted elsewhere, without going through capillary bed. Instead blood goes where blood is more needed.

36
Q

What do starling forces result in at the capillary bed?

A

Net filtration at arteriolar end of capillaries and net reabsorption at the venular end

37
Q

What happens to excess interstitial fluid at capillary bed?

A

Returned to circulation via lymphatic system

38
Q

What allows fluid and large molecules to be absorbed from interstitial fluid?

A

Flaps (valves) of lymphatic endothelial cells

39
Q

Where do the lymphatics drain back into circulation?

A

Via thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct

40
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure in veins affected by when standing?

A

Gravity

41
Q

What is important in maintaining pressure and CO upon standing?

A

Baroreceptor reflex

42
Q

Veins above zero point (at RA) ______ at a point determined by actual CVP

A

Collapse

43
Q

What is venous return augmented by?

A

Contraction of muscle during movement and exercise

44
Q

What is the adventitia like in large elastic arteries?

A

Thick-well developed

45
Q

What is adventitia like in medium muscular artery?

A

Thin

46
Q

How is arteriole intima different than elastic artery and muscular artery?

A

No internal elastic lamina

47
Q

What is tunica media like in arteriole?

A

Thin layer of muscle-little or no elastic- no external elastic lamina

48
Q

What is adventitia like in arteriole?

A

Very thin or absent

49
Q

What do capillaries consist of?

A

Endothelium only

50
Q

What do venules consist of?

A

Endothelium and fibrous tissue

51
Q

Total cross sectional area of circulation is ______ in aorta and ______ in capillaries.

A

Lowest; highest

52
Q

Flow=?

A

VxA

53
Q

What is the velocity in aorta?

A

30 cm/sec

54
Q

Velocity in capillaries?

A

0.1 cm/sec

55
Q

What is poiseuille’s law?

A

n x L x 8/ pi r ^4= R is POISEUILLE’S

pi (p1-p2) r ^4/ 8 x n x L= FLOW

56
Q

Where does the greatest resistance to flow occur?

A

Small arteries and arterioles

57
Q

What are vasodilators released by the endothelium?

A

Nitric oxide and prostacyclin

58
Q

What causes vasodilators to be released by endothelium?

A 
Shear stress
Histamine
Acetylcholine
Bradykinin
Purinergics (ATP)
59
Q

How does shear stress cause vasodilation?

A

Increase in blood floow through BV is sensed by endothelial cells. The shearing of the increased blood flow causes endothelial cell to release nitric oxide, causing powerful vasodilation.

60
Q

Vasopressin and angiotensin II are vascular _____

A

constrictors

61
Q

What is endothelin?

A

Potent, endothelium-derived vasoconstrictor important in some pathophys states.

62
Q

ANP is a _____

A

Smooth muscle dilator

63
Q

What do endothelial cell surfaces contain to convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II?

A

ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme)

64
Q

What are the 4 secretory functions of endothelial cells?

A

Endothelial-derived vasodilators (NO, Prostacyclin [PGI2[)
Endothelial-derived vasoconstrictors: (endothelin)
Anti-aggregatory for PLT
Anti-mitogenic for vascular smooth muscle

65
Q

What are metabolic functions of endothelial cells?

A

Processing of vasoactive factors

Production of angiotensin II and breakdown of bradykinin by ACE

66
Q

What role do endothelial cells play in plasticity?

A

Angiogenesis (new vessel growth) in response to injury and ischemia

67
Q

How do we find total resistance for resistors in a series?

A

Sum of total resistors R1+R2+R3

68
Q

How do we find resistance for resistors in parralel?

A

Inverse of 1/R1+ 1/R2 etc…

69
Q

In laminar flow, lamina nearest wall i s_______

A

Stationary

70
Q

In laminar flow, velocity is _____ toward center

A

Higher

71
Q

In laminar flow, is there much mixing between layers of flow?

A

No

72
Q

How is turbulent flow different from laminar flow?

A

Flow is disorganized, mixing occurs between layers

Turbulent flow may lead to vascular disease

73
Q

How do we find reynold’s number?

A

Re= pDv/n

(p)= density
(D)= diameter
(v)= mean velocity
(n)= viscosity
74
Q

What happens when reynold’s number is <2000

A

Fluid moves in streamlines parallel to axis of tube (Laminar flow occurs)

75
Q

What happens when reynold’s number is >2000

A
  • Turbulent flow
  • Elements of fluid move irregularly in axial, radial, circumferential directions
  • Vortices frequently develop
  • Turublence reduces the flow associated with a pressure gradient
  • Regions of turbulence are prone to vascular disease
76
Q

Turbulence ______ the flow associated with pressure gradient.

A

reduces

77
Q

How do we find tension?

A

T=Pr

T= tension
P= transmural pressure
r= radius

Physio Test 2 (10 decks)

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